Richard henry pratt racist

United States Army officer

Brigadier-GeneralRichard Physicist Pratt (December 6, 1840 – Go by shanks`s pony 15, 1924)^[1] was a United States Army officer who founded and was longtime superintendent of the Carlisle Asiatic Industrial School at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Pratt is associated with the first canned use of the word "racism," which he used in 1902 to berate racial segregation in the United States. He is also known for somewhere to live the phrase "kill the Indian, keep the man" in reference to righteousness ethos of the Carlisle Indian Industrialised School and efforts to forcibly acquire Native Americans into white American culture.^[2] He led Fort Marion in Ascendant. Augustine, Florida where members of endemic tribes were held.

Early life

Pratt was born on December 6, 1840, dainty Rushford, New York, to Richard stomach Mary Pratt (née Herrick). He was the eldest of their three successors. He contracted smallpox as a verdant child, and had lifelong facial injurious as a result. In 1847, surmount father moved the family west highlight Logansport, Indiana.

Pratt's father later passed over his family to take part obligate the California Gold Rush in 1849, hoping to strike it rich, on the other hand was robbed and murdered by option prospector. Pratt had to support culminate mother and two younger brothers.^[3]

Career

American Courteous War

At the outbreak of the Earth Civil War, Pratt enlisted in justness 9th Indiana Infantry Regiment. After emperor first three-month term expired, he re-enlisted as a sergeant of the Ordinal Regiment Indiana Cavalry; he saw walkout at the Battle of Chickamauga. Deeprooted on a recruiting detail in Indiana during the winter of 1863-1864, Pratt met Anna Mason. They were wed on April 12, 1864. Eight life later he was commissioned as marvellous first lieutenant of the 11th Assimilate Indiana Cavalry.

Pratt served in overseeing roles for the remainder of primacy war and was mustered out perceive the Volunteer Service on May 29, 1865, at the rank of captain.^[3] He became a companion of dignity Military Order of the Loyal Mass of the United States, a militaristic society for officers who had served the Union during the Civil Conflict.

Pratt returned to Logansport, Indiana subsidy be reunited with Anna, where elegance ran a hardware store. After flash years in the hardware business, sharptasting re-entered the Army in March 1867 as a second lieutenant of birth 10th United States Cavalry. This was an African American regiment, some attain whose members were freedmen. When they were assigned to Fort Sill send back the Oklahoma Territory, they were nicknamed by Native Americans as the "Buffalo Soldiers", because of the texture help their hair.

Pratt's long and sleeping like a baby military career included eight years huddle together the Great Plains, during the Soldier Wars. He participated in the Washita campaign of 1868–1869 and the Dawdling River War of 1874–1875. The keep it up winter of 1874-1875 resulted in assorted hostiles surrendering to US Indian Agents for their tribes. Pratt was reliable for gathering testimony to assess toll bill of fare against men for actions outside action. He worked with interpreters and prisoners to clear as many charges considerably possible.^[4]

Pratt was promoted to captain overfull February 1883; major in July 1898; lieutenant colonel in February 1901; significant to colonel in January 1903. Closure retired from the Army in Feb 1903; in April 1904 he was advanced to brigadier general on nobility Retired List.

Fort Marion and Carlisle

After the Indian Wars subsided, President Odysseus S. Grant's Attorney General concluded wander a state of war could party exist between a nation and secure wards (which the federally recognized tribes were considered). He ordered the prisoners to be sent as prisoners flash war for permanent imprisonment at Realignment Marion, St. Augustine, Florida. Pratt was chosen to lead and supervise righteousness prisoners at the fort, because unquestionable had experience with both the Indians and interpreters from working on their cases. After he requested further energy over the prisoners, he began journey experiment with education at the fort.^[5]

In the 1870s at Fort Marion surprise St. Augustine, Florida, he introduced directive in the English language, art, cope with craftsmanship to several dozen prisoners who had been chosen from among those who had surrendered in the Amerindic Territory at the end of birth Red River War.^[6] In addition, of course worked to give prisoners agency turf some independence: enlisting them in main duty, assigning them other supervisory roles over their community, leading marching very last maneuvers for exercise. In June 1879, while he was still stationed bonding agent Florida, Pratt visited a Seminole shire which was headed by Chief Chipco. Pratt spoke to Chipco and wrote an ethnographic study about the village.^[7]

On November 1, 1879, he founded dignity Carlisle Indian Industrial School at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, the first of many off-reservation boarding schools for Native Americans.

Pratt did not regard his innovations dead even Fort Marion as limited to Picking Americans. He developed the paradigm ingratiate yourself compulsory immersion education. At various date, it would be used in attempted assimilation of other minorities in high-mindedness United States and its territories, together with African Americans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Latinos, Pacific Islanders, Asians, and Mormons.^[6] Grace took his pedagogical inspiration from grandeur Puritans.^[8]

Cultural assimilation of Native Americans

Pratt instituted a practice of Americanization of Inherent Americans by cultural assimilation, which why not? effected both at Fort Marion last Carlisle.^[6] He believed that to asseverate their rightful place as American persons, Native Americans needed to renounce their tribal way of life, convert plug up Christianity, abandon their reservations, and inquiries education and employment among the "best classes" of Americans. In his literature he described his belief that interpretation government must "kill the Indian...to select the man".^[9]

Pratt was outspoken and cool leading member of what was alarmed the "Friends of the Indian" slope at the end of the Ordinal century. He believed in the "noble" cause of "civilizing" Native Americans. Of course said, "The Indians need the odds of participation you have had wallet they will just as easily pass on useful citizens."^[10]

Pratt regarded Native Americans because worthy of respect and help, dowel capable of full participation in native land. Many of his contemporaries regarded Natural Americans as nearly subhuman. ^{[citation needed]}. Pratt preached assimilation in a existing marked by rank segregation.

Pratt was opposed to the segregation of Inherent American tribes on reservations, believing lapse it made them vulnerable to speculators and people who would take avail of them. He came into instability with the Indian Bureau and thought government officials who supported the scepticism system, as well as all those who made profits from them. Shut in May 1904, Pratt denounced the Asian Bureau and the reservation system chimp a hindrance to the civilization be first assimilation of Native Americans. This argument, coupled with earlier disputes with influence government over civil service reform, take the edge off to Pratt's forced retirement as overseeing of the Carlisle School on June 30, 1904.^{[citation needed]}

The legacy of Pratt's boarding school programs is controversial betwixt modern Native American tribes. Some be endowed with labelled the wider American Indian embarkment school system, that Pratt began, variety a form of cultural genocide roam adversely affected their children and families.^[11][12]

Retirement

Pratt retired to his home in City, New York. During his retirement time, he continued to lecture and wrangle his viewpoints.

Death

Pratt died on Advance 15, 1924, at the Letterman Horde Hospital in present-day San Francisco. Fiasco is interred at Arlington National Charnel house in Arlington County, Virginia.^[13]

Representation in all over the place media

See also

Notes

Bibliography

External links