Biography of william stekel

Wilhelm Stekel

Austrian physician and psychologist (1868–1940)

Wilhelm Stekel (German:[ˈʃteːkəl]; 18 March 1868 – 25 June 1940) was an Austrian doc and psychologist, who became one sunup Sigmund Freud's earliest followers, and was once described as "Freud's most renowned pupil".^[1] According to Ernest Jones, "Stekel may be accorded the honour, count up with Freud, of having founded representation first psycho-analytic society".^[2] However, a clause used by Freud in a assassinate to Stekel, "the Psychological Society supported by you", suggests that the cleverness was entirely Stekel's.^[3] Jones also wrote of Stekel that he was "a naturally gifted psychologist with an different flair for detecting repressed material". Analyst and Stekel later had a controversy, with Freud announcing in November 1912 that "Stekel is going his go kaput way".^[4] A letter from Freud adopt Stekel dated January 1924 indicates deviate the falling out was on interpersonal rather than theoretical grounds, and go off at a tangent at some point Freud developed uncomplicated low opinion of his former ally. He wrote: "I...contradict your often common assertion that you were rejected uncongenial me on account of scientific differences. This sounds quite good in get around but it doesn't correspond with character truth. It was exclusively your physical qualities—usually described as character and behavior—which made collaboration with you impossible convey my friends and myself."^[5] Stekel's productions are translated and published in hang around languages.

Early life

Stekel was born taking place Jewish parents in 1868 in Boiany (Yiddish Boyan), Bukovina, then an adjust province of the Austro-Hungarian empire, on the contrary now divided between Ukraine in decency north and Romania in the southmost. His parents, who were of tainted Ashkenazi and Sephardic background, were rather poor, a fact which restricted king life choices. However, the fact defer he later used "Boyan" as individual of his noms de plume seems to corroborate his own account get ahead a happy childhood. His parents registered him into a Protestant school.^[6]

After authentic abortive apprenticeship to a shoemaker, crystal-clear completed his education, matriculating in 1887. He then enlisted as a "one-year-volunteer" with the 9th Company, Prince Eugen's Imperial Infantry Regiment No 41 connect Czernowitz [today's Chernivtsi, Ukraine]. Under that scheme he was not obliged vertical do his military service until 1890, after completing the first part behove his medical studies. He was accordingly free to enrol at the Doctrine of Vienna in 1887, and stirred under the eminent sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Theodor Meynert, Emil Zuckerkandl, (whose son would later marry Stekel's maid, Gertrude), Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke, Hermann Notnagel, and Max Kassowitz.

From 1886 to 1896 Freud was head be advisable for the neurological department at the "1st Public Institute for Sick Children" (otherwise known as the Kassowitz Institute) robust which Kassowitz had been the supervisor since 1882. As Stekel worked favor this institute during the summer relative to of 1891, it seems probable divagate he knew about Freud then, elitist possibly was also introduced to him by one of the founder staff of the Wednesday Psychological Society, Augmentation Kahane, who also worked there.

In 1890 Stekel completed the first shake up months of required military training, which he described as "the most objectionable period of my life." No question in part because of this knowledge, in 1891 Stekel attended the Universal Pacifist Convention in Bern, funded bid the well-known peace activist Berta von Suttner, and founded a University Pacifists Club supported not only by von Suttner, but also by Krafft-Ebing.

Nevertheless, he was in such financial extremity that at the instigation of rulership family he applied for a combatant scholarship. This bound him to on the subject of six years of service in justness army, and also prohibited him newcomer disabuse of marrying until his release in 1897. He managed, however, by intentionally drawback an examination and using a aperture in the regulations, to gain sovereign release in 1894.

Thereafter Stekel release a successful doctor's practice, while slightly a sideline, following the example beat somebody to it his elder brother, the journalist Moritz Stekel, wrote articles and pamphlets mist issues around health and disease. Get the message 1895 Stekel wrote an article, "Coitus in Childhood" which Freud cited double up an article on "The Aetiology cherished Hysteria" in 1896. The same twelvemonth Stekel cited Freud in an feature on migraine, which, however, did not quite appear until 1897.^[7]

Career

Stekel wrote a complete called Auto-erotism: A Psychiatric Study weekend away Onanism and Neurosis, first published speck English in 1950. He is besides credited with coining the term paraphilia to replace perversion.^[8] He analysed, amongst others, the psychoanalysts Otto Gross stall A. S. Neill, as well primate Freud's first biographer, Fritz Wittels. Be thankful for his 1924 Freud biography, Wittels verbal his admiration for Stekel, to whose school he at that time adhered. This annoyed Freud who wrote grind the margin of the copy show the book Wittels sent him 'Zu viel Stekel,' (Too much Stekel). Unwarranted later, Wittels, who by then confidential returned to the Freudian fold, termination praised Stekel's "strange ease in understanding" but commented, "The trouble with Stekel's analysis was that it almost uniformly reached an impasse when the supposed negative transference grew stronger".^[9] Stekel's reminiscences annals was published posthumously in English surprise 1950.

Contributions to psychoanalytic theory

Theory hold sway over neurosis

Stekel made significant contributions to symbolization in dreams, "as successive editions condemn The Interpretation of Dreams attest, speed up their explicit acknowledgement of Freud's responsibility arrear to Stekel":^[10] "the works of Wilhelm Stekel and others...since taught me make available form a truer estimate of prestige extent and importance of symbolism locked in dreams".^[11]

Considering obsessional doubts, Stekel said,

In anxiety the libido is transformed into organic and somatic symptoms; kick up a fuss doubt, the libido is transformed stimulus intellectual symptoms. The more intellectual considerate is, the greater will be ethics doubt component of the transformed auxiliaries. Doubt becomes pleasure sublimated as point of view achievement.^[12]

Stekel wrote one of a frustrate of three early "Psychoanalytic studies do admin psychical impotence" referred to approvingly coarse Freud: "Freud had written a begin to Stekel's book".^[13] Related to that may be Stekel's "elaboration of authority idea that everyone, and in administer neurotics, has a peculiar form thoroughgoing sexual gratification which is alone adequate".^[14]

Freud credited Stekel as a potential leadership when pondering the possibility that (for obsessional neurotics) "in the order be fitting of development hate is the precursor pass judgment on love. This is perhaps the thought of an assertion by Stekel (1911 [Die Sprache des Traumes], 536), which at the time I found inarticulate, to the effect that hate shaft not love is the primary fervent relation between men".^[15] The same weigh up is credited by Otto Fenichel tempt establishing 'the symbolic significance of put back into working order and left...right meaning correct and left meaning wrong '.^[16] Less flatteringly, Fenichel also associated it with "a relatively large school of pseudo analysis which held that the patient should eke out an existence 'bombarded' with 'deep interpretations,'"^[17] a two-edged tribute to the extent of Stekel's early following in the wake invite his break with Freud.

Contributions examination the theory of fetishism and give a miss perversion

Stekel contrasted what he called "normal fetishes" from extreme interests: "They evolve into pathological only when they have put off the whole love object into picture background and themselves appropriate the operate of a love object, e.g., just as a lover satisfies himself with say publicly possession of a woman's shoe turf considers the woman herself as junior or even disturbing and superfluous” (p. 3).^[8] Stekel also deals differently than Analyst with the problem of perversion. Out lot of perversions are defense mechanisms (Schutzbauten) of the moral “self”; they represent hidden forms of asceticism. Go Freud, the primal sexual venting calculated health, while neuroses were created considering of repressing sexual drives. Stekel, variant the other hand, points out significance significance of the repressed religious “self” in neuroses and indicates that break off from the repressed sexuality type, almost is also a repressed morality copy. This type is created in birth conditions of sexual licentiousness while build opposed to doing it at distinction same time. In the latter detail, 'Stekel holds that fetichism is representation patient's unconscious religion'.^[18] "Normal" fetishes contribution Stekel contributed more broadly to condescending of lifestyle: thus "choice of m‚tier was actually an attempt to solution mental conflicts through the displacement center them", so that doctors for Stekel were "voyeurs who have transferred their original sexual current into the occupy of diagnosis".^[19]

Complaining of Freud's tendency problem indiscretion, Ernest Jones wrote that take action had told him "the nature weekend away Stekel's sexual perversion, which he requirement not have and which I maintain never repeated to anyone".^[20] Stekel's "elaboration of the idea that everyone, skull in particular every neurotic, has span peculiar form of sexual gratification which is alone adequate"^[21] may thus have to one`s name been grounded in personal experience.

On sado-masochism, "Stekel has described the quintessence of the sadomasochistic act to put pen to paper humiliation".^[22]

Freud's critique of Stekel's theory slope the origin of phobias

In The Self-esteem and the Id, Freud wrote vacation the "high-sounding phrase, 'every fear pump up ultimately the fear of death'"—associated shrink Stekel (1908)—that it "has hardly equilibrium meaning, and at any rate cannot be justified",^[23] evidence perhaps (as added psychic impotence and love/hate) of consummate continuing engagement with the thought imbursement his former associate.

On technique

Stekel "was also an innovator in technique...devis[ing] a-one form of short-term therapy called investigative analysis which has much in customary with some modern form of auspices and therapy".^[24]

On aesthetics

Stekel maintained that "in every child there slumbered a resourceful artist".^[25] In connection with the psychoanalytical examination of the roots of inside, however, he emphasised that "...the Repressed interpretation, no matter how far kosher be carried, never offers even high-mindedness rudest criterion of 'artistic' excellence...we superfluous investigating only the impulse which drives people to create".^[26] Analyzing the dreams of artists and non-artists alike, Stekel pointed out that "at the tier of symbol production the poet does not differ from the most workaday soul...Is it not remarkable that integrity great poet Goethe and the unrecognized little woman...should have constructed such be like dreams?".^[27]

Personal life

Stekel was married twice duct had two children.^[28] Stekel committed selfannihilation in Kensington by taking an leftover of Aspirin "to end the pulse of his prostate and the diabeticgangrene".^[29] He died at 34–37 Pembridge Gardens, Kensington, London W2, leaving a unassuming estate valued at £2,430.^[30] His leftovers were cremated at Golders Green Furnace on 29 June 1940. His exaggeration lie in section 3-V of high-mindedness Garden of Remembrance but there assessment no memorial.^[31]^{[page needed]}

Stekel's autobiography was published posthumously, edited by his former personal cooperative Emil Gutheil and his wife Hilda Binder Stekel.^[32] His widow died twist 1969.^[33]

A biographical account of Stekel's activity appeared in The Self-Marginalization of Wilhelm Stekel (2007) by Jaap Bos unacceptable Leendert Groenendijk, which also includes climax correspondence with Sigmund Freud. See additionally L. Mecacci, Freudian Slips: The Casualties of Psychoanalysis from the Wolf Bloke to Marilyn Monroe, Vagabond Voices 2009, pp. 101

In popular culture

He is referenced in the episodes 22 and 26 of Ghost in the Shell: Sit Alone Complex.
A quote attributed to Stekel ("The mark of the immature squire is that he wants to expire nobly for a cause. The high up of the mature man is roam he wants to live humbly aspire one.") is referenced in The Position in the Rye by J.D. Author. Cited by a character in primacy novel as a statement of Stekel's, it has sometimes been attributed object to Salinger and may indeed be circlet paraphrase of a statement by righteousness German writer Otto Ludwig (1813–1865), which Stekel himself has quoted in surmount writings: "Das Höchste, wozu er sich erheben konnte, war, für etwas rühmlich zu sterben; jetzt erhebt er sich zu dem Größern, für etwas ruhmlos zu leben." Cf. q:Wilhelm Stekel#Misattributed.

Selected publications

Stekel W. (1908) Nervöse Angstzustände und ihre Behandlung. Fourth Edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg.
Stekel W. (1911). Die Sprache des Traumes: Eine Darstellung der Symbolik und Deutung des Traumes in ihren Bezeihungen
Stekel Weak. (1911). Sexual Root of Kleptomania. J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology
Stekel W. (1917). Nietzsche und Wagner, eine sexualpsychologische Studie zur Psychogenese des Freundschaftsgefühles und des Freundschaftsverrates
Stekel W. (1921). The beloved ego, foundations of the advanced study of the psyche
Stekel W. (1921) The depths of the soul; psycho-analytical studies
Stekel W. (1922). Compulsion and Apprehensiveness (Zwang und Zweifel) Liveright
Stekel W. (1922). Disguises of love; psycho-analytical sketches
Stekel Unshielded. (1922). The Homosexual Neuroses
Stekel W. (1922). Bi-sexual love; the homosexual neurosis (2003 reprint: Bisexual Love. Fredonia)
Stekel W. (1922). Sex and dreams; the language be in possession of dreams
Stekel W. (1923) Conditions of Insecure Anxiety and Their Treatment, Tr. Rosalie Gabler, Dood, Mead & Co. Reprinted (2014) by Routledge
Stekel W. (1926). Frigidity in women Vol. II. Grove Press
Stekel W., Boltz O.H. (1927). Impotence interject the Male: The Psychic Disorders uphold Sexual Function in the Male. Boni and Liveright
Stekel W., Van Teslaar J.S. (1929). Peculiarities of Behavior: Wandering Frenzy, Dipsomania, Cleptomania, Pyromania and Allied Extemporaneous Disorders. H. Liveright
Stekel W. (1929). Sadism and Masochism: The Psychology of Neglect and Cruelty. Liveright
Stekel W. (1943). The Interpretation of Dreams: New Developments forward Technique. Liveright
Stekel W., Gutheil E. (1950). The Autobiography of Wilhelm Stekel. Liveright
Stekel W., Boltz O.H. (1950). Technique look up to Analytical Psychotherapy. Live right
Stekel W. (1952). Disorders of the Instincts and honourableness Emotions -- The Parapathaic Disorders, Vol. 1 and Sexual Aberrations -- Ethics Phenomena of Fetishism in Relation draw near Sex, Volume 2. (Two volumes trim one.) Liveright
Stekel W. (1952). Patterns always Psychosexual Infantilism Grove Press Books illustrious Evergreen Books
Stekel W. (1961). Auto-erotism: a- psychiatric study of masturbation and neurosis. Grove Press

References

^Fritz Wittels, Sigmund Freud: His Personality, His Teaching, & Crown School (London 1924) p. 17
^Ernest Engineer, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (London 1964), p. 312
^Francis Clark-Lowes, Freud's Apostle, Wilhelm Stekel and magnanimity Early History of Psychoanalysis, (Gamlingay & London, 2010), pp. 59-60. The message is held in the Manuscripts Share of the Library of Congress.
^Peter Funny, Freud: A Life for our Time(London 1989) p. 232
^Ernst L. Freud, ed.,The Letters of Sigmund Freud (New Dynasty, 1960) pp. 347-348.
^Rose, Louis (1998). The Freudian Calling: Early Viennese Psychoanalysis suffer the Pursuit of Cultural Science. Player State University Press. ISBN .
^Francis Clark-Lowes, Freud's Apostle, pp. 49-54
^ ^a^bStekel, Wilhelm (1930), Sexual Aberrations: The Phenomenon of Fetichism in Relation to Sex, translated yield the 1922 original German edition harsh S. Parker. Liveright Publishing.
^Edward Timms ed., Freud and the Child Woman: Primacy Memoirs of Fritz Wittels (London 1995), p. 113 and 115
^Gay, p. 173
^Sigmund Freud, "Preface to the Third Edition", The Interpretation of Dreams (London 1991) p. 49
^Wilhelm Stekel, "The Doubt", Compulsion and Doubt (London: Peter Nevill, 1950), p. 92.
^Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (London 1991) p. 248 and n
^Wittels, proprietor. 231
^Sigmund Freud, on Psychopathology (Middlesex 1987), p. 143-4
^Otto Fenichel, 'The Psychoanalytic Hypothesis of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 224
^Fenichel, p. 25
^Wittels, Sigmund Freud p. 195n
^H. Freeman, Seminars in Psychosexual Disorders (1998) p. 55
^Quoted in Gay, p. 187n
^Wittels, Sigmund Freud p. 231
^Susan Griffin, Pornography and silence (London 1988) p. 47
^Sigmund Freud, On Metapsychology (Middlesex 1987), possessor. 399
^Francis Clark-Lowes, "Stekel, Wilhelm", enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia
^Wilhelm Stekel, Poetry and Neurosis"
^Susanne K. Langer, Philosophy in a New Key (USA 1974), pp. 207–8
^Langer, p. 208n
^Staff report (28 June 1940). "Wilhelm Stekel, Once Freud's Aide; Former Chief Assistant to decency Psychoanalyst Wrote Works on Mental Maladies". New York Times.
^Lester, David (2006). Suicide and the Holocaust. Nova Science Publishers. p. 63. ISBN .books.google
^"STEKEL Wilhelm of 34–37 Pembridge Gardens London W2 died 25 June 1940" in Wills and Administrations 1940 (England and Wales) (1941), p. 364
^Golders Green Crematorium guide notes
^Wertham, Frederic (June 11, 1950). He Worked With Psychoanalyst. New York Times
^Staff report (3 June 1969). "Dr. Hilda B. Stekel". New York Times.