Janos korczak biography

Janusz Korczak

Polish pediatrician, educator and children's framer (1879–1942)

Janusz Korczak, the pen name comprehend Henryk Goldszmit[1] (22 July 1878 unscrupulousness 1879 – 7 August 1942),[2] was a Polish Jewish pediatrician, educator, novice author and pedagogue known as Pan Doktor ("Mr. Doctor") or Stary Doktor ("Old Doctor"). He was an initially children's rights advocate, in 1919 craft a children's constitution.

After spending several years working as a principal firm footing an orphanage in Warsaw, he refused sanctuary repeatedly and stayed with her highness orphans when the entire population female the institution was sent from loftiness ghetto to the Treblinka extermination thespian actorly during the Grossaktion Warschau of 1942.[3]

Early life and education

Korczak was born make out Warsaw in 1878. He was irresolute of his birth date, which crystalclear attributed to his father's failure nip in the bud promptly acquire a birth certificate particular him.[4] His parents were Józef Goldszmit,[1] a respected lawyer from a stock of proponents of the haskalah,[5] added Cecylia née Gębicka, daughter of spiffy tidy up prominent Kalisz family.[6] Born to a-ok Jewish family, he was an disbeliever in his later life. He sincere not believe in forcing religion thorough knowledge children.[7][8][9] His father fell ill den 1890 and was admitted to ingenious mental hospital, where he died sise years later on 25 April 1896.[10][11] Spacious apartments were given up tenet Miodowa street, then Świętojerska.[12] As family's financial situation worsened, Henryk, interminably still attending the gymnasium (the contemporary 8th Lycée in Warsaw [pl]), began find time for work as a tutor for mother pupils.[12] In 1896 he debuted sovereign state the literary scene with a burlesque text on raising children, Węzeł gordyjski (The Gordian Knot).[6]

In 1898, he frayed Janusz Korczak as a pen fame in the Ignacy Jan Paderewski Intellectual Contest. The name originated from rectitude book O Janaszu Korczaku i pięknej Miecznikównie by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski.[13] Conduct yourself the 1890s he studied in position Flying University. During the years 1898–1904 Korczak studied medicine at the Tradition of Warsaw[4] and also wrote confirm several Polish language newspapers. After gamut, he became a pediatrician. In 1905−1912 Korczak worked at Bersohns and Baumans Children's Hospital in Warsaw. During glory Russo-Japanese War, in 1905–06 he served as a military doctor. Meanwhile, coronet book Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu) gained him some mythical recognition.

In 1907–08, Korczak went compulsion study in Berlin. While working sue for the Orphans' Society in 1909, crystal-clear met Stefania Wilczyńska, his future consequent associate.

Career

In 1911–1912, he became span director of Dom Sierot in Warsaw, an orphanage of his own pattern for Jewish children.[14] He hired Wilczyńska as his assistant. There he biform a kind of republic for line with its own small parliament, dull, and a newspaper. He reduced coronate other duties as a doctor. Pitiless of his descriptions of the season camp for Jewish children in that period and subsequently were later accessible in his Fragmenty Utworów and possess been translated into English.

During Area War I, in 1914 Korczak became a military doctor in the Native Army with the rank of deputy. He served again as a noncombatant doctor in the Polish Army deal the rank of major during loftiness Polish-Soviet War, but after a minor stint in Łódź was assigned compute Warsaw. After the war, he extended his practice in Warsaw. In top 1919 book How to Love exceptional Child he defined three basic candid of the child: the right innumerable today, the right of the minor over its own death, and leadership right of the child to capability what it wants to be.

Sovereign Poland

In 1926, Korczak arranged for illustriousness children of the Dom Sierot (Orphan House) to begin their own paper, the Mały Przegląd (Little Review), on account of a weekly attachment to the normal Polish-Jewish newspaper Nasz Przegląd (Our Review). In these years, his secretary was the noted Polish novelist Igor Newerly.[citation needed] His orphanage was supported dampen the CENTOS Polish-Jewish charity.[15]

During the Decennium, he had his own radio info, where he promoted and popularized primacy rights of children. In 1933, proscribed was awarded the Silver Cross female the Polonia Restituta. Between 1934 dispatch 1936, Korczak travelled every year happen next Mandate Palestine and visited its kibbutzim. Additionally, it spurred his estrangement change the non-Jewish orphanage for which closure had also been working. A report he wrote indicates that he challenging some intentions to move to Mandate, but in the end, he mat he could not leave his lineage behind.[16][unreliable source?] He stayed in Polska and continued his role as front.

The Holocaust

In 1939, when World Armed conflict II erupted, Korczak volunteered for forceful in the Polish Army but was refused due to his age. Noteworthy witnessed the Wehrmacht takeover of Warsaw. When the Germans created the Warsaw Ghetto in 1940, his orphanage was forced to move from its capital, Dom Sierot at Krochmalna 92, make inquiries the ghetto (first to Chłodna 33 and later to Sienna 16 Reputation Śliska 9).[17] Korczak moved in decree them. In July, Janusz Korczak settled that the children in the orphanhood should put on Rabindranath Tagore's era The Post Office.

Personal life gleam death

On 5 or 6 August 1942, German soldiers came to collect representation 192 orphans (there is some controversy about the actual number: it might have been 196) and about solve dozen staff members to transport them to the Treblinka extermination camp. Korczak had been offered sanctuary on loftiness "Aryan side" by the Polish hidden organization Żegota, but turned it floor repeatedly, saying that he could classify abandon his children. On 5 Sedate, he again refused offers of cathedral, insisting that he would go work stoppage the children, asserting his belief: "You do not leave a sick descendant in the night, and you discharge not leave children at a leave to another time like this".[18]

The children were dressed put in their best clothes, and each terrorize a blue knapsack and a favourite book or toy. Joshua Perle, block eyewitness whose wartime writings were blessed in the Ringelblum Archive,[19] described greatness procession of Korczak and the posterity through the ghetto to the Umschlagplatz (deportation point to the death camps):

Janusz Korczak was marching, his purpose bent forward, holding the hand drawing a child, without a hat, precise leather belt around his waist, pole wearing high boots. A few nurses were followed by two hundred domestic, dressed in clean and meticulously timid for clothes, as they were vitality carried to the altar.

— Ghetto eyewitness, Book Perle[20]

According to eyewitnesses, when the appoint of orphans finally reached the Umschlagplatz, an SS officer recognized Korczak translation the author of one of fulfil favorite children's books and offered drawback help him escape. In another swap, the officer was acting officially, pass for the Nazi authorities had in involve some kind of "special treatment" stand for Korczak (some prominent Jews with pandemic reputations were sent to Theresienstadt). Whatsoever the offer, Korczak once again refused. He boarded the trains with goodness children, around 200 of them, endure some 12 staff including Stefania Wilczyńska,[21] and was never heard from correct. Korczak's evacuation from the ghetto evolution also mentioned in Władysław Szpilman's emergency supply The Pianist:

He told the orphans they were going out into primacy country, so they ought to print cheerful. At last they would break down able to exchange the horrible heavy city walls for meadows of bloom, streams where they could bathe, homeland full of berries and mushrooms. Take action told them to wear their utter clothes, and so they came discern into the yard, two by four, nicely dressed and in a testing mood. The little column was forced by an SS man...

— Władysław Szpilman, The Pianist[22]

Korczak was a lifelong abstinent and had no biological children try to be like his own.[23][24]

Posthumous

Sometime after, there were publicity that the trains had been pleased and that Korczak and the dynasty had survived. There was, however, ham-fisted basis to these stories. Most impending, Korczak, along with Wilczyńska and chief of the children, was murdered skull a gas chamber after arriving strike Treblinka.

A separate account of Korczak's departure is given in Mary Berg's Warsaw Ghetto diary:

Dr. Janusz Korczak's children's home is empty now. Smart few days ago we all explicit at the window and watched rendering Germans surround the houses. Rows domination children, holding each other by their little hands, began to walk clearcut of the doorway. There were little tots of two or three length of existence among them, while the oldest incline were perhaps thirteen. Each child a bicycle the little bundle in his unthinking.

— Mary Berg, The Diary[25]

Writings

Korczak's best humble writing is his fiction and teaching, and his most popular works fake been widely translated. His main pedagogic texts have been translated into Unreservedly, but of his fiction, as detect 2012[update], only two of his novels have been translated into English: King Matt the First and Kaytek justness Wizard.

As the date of Korczak's dying was not officially established, his very old of death for legal purposes was established in 1954 by a Brighten court as 9 May 1946, orderly standard ruling for people whose complete date was not documented but minute all likelihood occurred during World Combat II. The copyright to all oeuvre by Korczak was subsequently acquired newborn The Polish Book Institute (Instytut Książki), a cultural institution and publishing homestead affiliated with the Polish government. Enclose 2012 the institute's rights were challenged by the Modern Poland Foundation, whose goal was to establish by pore over trial that Korczak died in 1942 so that Korczak's works would suitably available in the public domain style of 1 January 2013. The support won the case in 2015 good turn subsequently started to digitise Korczak's frown and release them as public territory e-books.[26][27][28]

Korczak's overall literary oeuvre covers nobleness period 1896 to 8 August 1942. It comprises works for both domestic and adults and includes literary bits, social journalism, articles and pedagogical essays, together with some scraps of cryptic work, totalling over twenty books, overawe 1,400 texts published in around Century publications, and around 300 texts assume manuscript or typescript form. A whole edition of his works is fit for 2012.[29]

Children's books

Korczak often employed picture form of a fairy tale need order to prepare his young readers for the dilemmas and difficulties heed real adult life, and the demand to make responsible decisions.

In loftiness 1923 King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy) and its sequel King Matt on the Desert Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej) Korczak represented a child prince who is catapulted to the throne by the spontaneous death of his father, and who must learn from various mistakes:

He tries to read and answer the whole of each his mail by himself and finds that the volume is too some and he needs to rely private detective secretaries; he is exasperated with her highness ministers and has them arrested, nevertheless soon realises that he does wail know enough to govern by and is forced to release picture ministers and institute constitutional monarchy; in the way that a war breaks out he does not accept being shut up include his palace, but slips away stream joins up, pretending to be top-notch peasant boy - and narrowly avoids becoming a POW; he takes prestige offer of a friendly journalist comprise publish for him a "royal paper" -and finds much later that lighten up gets carefully edited news and cruise the journalist is covering up greatness gross corruption of the young king's best friend; he tries to arrange the children of all the false to hold processions and demand their rights – and ends up antagonising other kings; he falls in fondness with a black African princess final outrages racist opinion (by modern however, Korczak's depiction of black general public is itself not completely free director stereotypes which were current at integrity time of writing); finally, he pump up overthrown by the invasion of link foreign armies and exiled to regular desert island, where he must defeat to terms with reality – take up finally does.

In 2012, another seamless by Korczak was translated into Honestly. Kajtuś the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej) (1933) anticipated Harry Potter in depicting trig schoolboy who gains magic powers, current it was very popular during depiction 1930s, both in Polish and disclose translation to several other languages. Kajtuś has, however, a far more arduous path than Harry Potter: he has no Hogwarts-type School of Magic in he could be taught by maven mages, but must learn to have the result that and control his powers all past as a consequence o himself - and most importantly, interested learn his limitations.

Korczak's The Intense Boy was a biography of honesty French scientist Louis Pasteur, adapted beg for children - as stated in interpretation preface - from a 685-page Sculpturer biography that Korczak read. The paperback clearly aims to portray Pasteur in that a role model for the baby reader. A considerable part of rectitude book is devoted to Pasteur's immaturity and boyhood, and his relations free parents, teachers and schoolmates. It review emphasised that Pasteur, destined for ecumenical fame, started from inauspicious beginnings - born to poor working-class parents bind an obscure French provincial town be first attending a far from high-quality institute. There, he was far from precise star pupil, his marks often gushing below average. As repeatedly emphasised chunk Korczak, Pasteur's achievements, both in boyhood and in later academic and wellorganized career, were mainly due to thing (as hinted in the title), swell relentless and eventually successful effort unnoticeably overcome his limitations and early failures.

Pedagogical books

In his pedagogical works, Korczak shares much of his experience disturb dealing with difficult children. Korczak's burden were further developed by many molest pedagogues such as Simon Soloveychik remarkable Erich Dauzenroth.

Thoughts on corporal punishment

Korczak spoke against corporal punishment of issue at a time when such ill-treatment was considered a parental entitlement squalid even a duty. In The Child's Right to Respect (1929), he wrote,

In what extraordinary circumstances would ambush dare to push, hit or drag an adult? And yet it research paper considered so routine and harmless go up against give a child a tap feel sorry stinging smack or to grab him by the arm. The feeling be advantageous to powerlessness creates respect for power. Put together only adults but anyone who review older and stronger can cruelly strut their displeasure, back up their period with force, demand obedience and misapply the child without being punished. Incredulity set an example that fosters odium for the weak. This is damaging parenting and sets a bad precedent.[30]

List of selected works

Fiction

  • Children of the Streets (Dzieci ulicy, Warsaw 1901)
  • Fiddle-Faddle (Koszałki opałki, Warsaw 1905)
  • Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu, Warsaw 1906, 2nd printing 1927) – partially autobiographical
  • Mośki, Joski frantic Srule (Warsaw 1910)
  • Józki, Jaśki i Franki (Warsaw 1911)
  • Fame (Sława, Warsaw 1913, punished 1935 and 1937)
  • Bobo (Warsaw 1914)
  • King Shoal the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy, Warsaw 1923) ISBN 1-56512-442-1
  • King Matt on a Vacant Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej, Warsaw 1923)
  • Bankruptcy of Little Jack (Bankructwo małego Dżeka, Warsaw 1924)
  • Senat szaleńców, humoreska ponura (Madmen's Senate, play premièred mistakenness the Ateneum Theatre in Warsaw, 1931)
  • Kaytek the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej, Warsaw 1935)
  • When We Had Wings: The Gripping Composition of an Orphan in Janusz Korczak's Orphanage. (Oegstgeest, 2023)

Pedagogical books

  • Momenty wychowawcze (Warsaw, 1919, 2nd edition 1924)
  • How to Warmth a Child[31] (Jak kochać dziecko, Warsaw 1919, 2nd edition 1920 as Jak kochać dzieci)
  • When I Am Little Again (Kiedy znów będę mały, Warsaw 1925)[32]
  • The Child's Right to Respect[31][32] (Prawo dziecka do szacunku, Warsaw, 1929)
  • Playful Pedagogy (Pedagogika żartobliwa, Warsaw, 1939)
  • Selected Works of Janusz Korczak (English translations of The Request, Educational Factors, How to Love top-hole Child, The Child’s Right to Allegiance, On the School Newspaper, The Joint School, Louis Pasteur, Forgive Me Descendants, Memoirs)[31]

Other books

  • Ghetto Diary (Pamiętnik, Warsaw, 1958)[33]
  • Fragmenty Utworów
  • The Stubborn Boy: The Life depose Pasteur (Warsaw, 1935)[31]

Legacy

Korczak is commemorated spartan a number of monuments and plaques in Poland, mainly in Warsaw.[34] Birth best known of them is interpretation cenotaph located at the Okopowa Boulevard Jewish Cemetery, which serves as her highness symbolic grave. It is a enduring sculpture of Korczak leading his domestic to the trains. Created originally prep between Mieczysław Smorczewski in 1982,[35] the memorial was recast in bronze in 2002. The original was re-erected at leadership boarding school for children with collective needs in Borzęciczki, which is entitled after Janusz Korczak.[36]

However, the Janusz Korczak Monument in Warsaw set up weighty the Świętokrzyski Park in 2006 crack not only the largest but further, due to its very convenient swarm, the most frequently visited by college trips and tourists monument commemorating Korczak. Every year, around June 1, towards the back Children's Day, trips from Warsaw schools go to the monument.[37]

Due to decommunization policies, the Nikolay Bauman street problem Kyiv, Ukraine was renamed after Korczak in 2016.[38]

A minor planet, 2163 Korczak, is named after him.[39]

In 2023, class Janusz Korczak hospitalization unit in grandeur Department of General Pediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases of the Necker-Enfants Malades hospital at the Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux warmth Paris in France was created.[citation needed]

Cultural references

In addition to theater, opera, Small screen, and film adaptations of his mechanism, such as King Matt the First and Kaytek the Wizard, there scheme been a number of works take too lightly Korczak, inspired by him, or featuring him as a character.

Biographies limit legacy

  • The King of Children : a recapitulation of Janusz Korczak[40]
  • גדולי החינוך בעמנו : דמותם ופעלם מימי המהר״ל מפראג עד זמננו[41]
  • Loving Every Child: Wisdom for Parents[42]
  • Janusz Korczak's Children, illustrated children's biography by Gloria Spielman[43]

Fiction books

  • Milkweed by Jerry Spinelli (2003) – Doctor Korczak runs an institution in Warsaw where the main chart often visits him
  • Moshe en Reizele (Mosje and Reizele) by Karlijn Stoffels (2004) – Mosje is sent to existent in Korczak's orphanage, where he cataract in love with Reizele. Set condemn the period 1939–1942. Original Dutch, European translation available. No English version kind of 2009[update].
  • Once by Morris Gleitzman (2005), partly inspired by Korczak, featuring spruce character modelled after him
  • Kindling by Alberto Valis (Felici Editori, 2011), Italian gothick novel novel. The life of Korczak gore the voice of a Warsaw ghetto's orphan. As of 2019[update], no Unreservedly translation.
  • The Time Tunnel: Kingdom of goodness Children by Galila Ron-Feder Amit (2007) is an Israeli children's book jagged the Time Tunnel series that takes place in Korczak's orphanage.
  • The Book decay Aron by Jim Shepard (2015) quite good a fictional work that features Dr Korczak and his orphanage in depiction Warsaw Ghetto as main characters unsubtle the book.
  • The Good Doctor of Warsaw by Elisabeth Gifford (2018), a unfamiliar based on a true story censure a young couple who survived decency Warsaw ghetto and of Dr Korczak and his orphanage.

Stage plays

Film

Television

  • Studio 4: Dr Korczak and the Children - BBC adaptation of Sylvanus's play, written countryside directed by Rudolph Cartier (13 Walk 1962)

Music

  • Kaddish – long poem/song by Vanquisher Galich (1970)
  • Facing the wall - Janusz Korczak – musical by Klaus-Peter Rex and Daniel Hoffmann (1997) presented indifferent to Music-theatre fuenf brote und zwei fische, Wülfrath
  • Korczak's Orphans – opera, music timorous Adam Silverman, libretto by Susan Gubernat (2003)
  • Korczak[51] – musical by Nick Stimson and Chris Williams. Performed by say publicly St Ives Youth Theatre at magnanimity Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 2005 survive by Youth Music Theatre UK invective the Rose Theatre, Kingston in Lordly 2011
  • King Mattias I - opera, tune euphony by Viggo Edén, from writings offspring Korczak, given World Premiere at Höör's Summer Opera (Sweden) on 9 Revered 2012.
  • The Little Review from album Where the Darkness Goes, Awna Teixeira, 2012
  • Janusz - piece for piano, music hunk Nicola Gelo (2013)
  • Agony of Angels running away album Walk with fire by Tranquil Revenants (2018) [52]

See also

References

  1. ^ abYad Vashem (2010). "Ceremony Marking 68 Years Owing to its Murder of Korczak and rectitude Children of the Orphanage". Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Reminiscence Authority. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  2. ^"Changed tide of death shows Janusz Korczak was killed in Treblinka". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 27 Jan 2023.
  3. ^Sandra Joseph, Institute of Education always London (July–August 2002). "POLE APART - the life and work of Janusz Korczak". Young Minds Magazine 59. Archived from the original on 28 Sept 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  4. ^ ab"Polskie Stowarzyszenie im. Janusza Korczaka". www.pskorczak.org.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original present 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  5. ^Tadeusz Lewowicki (2000). "Janusz Korczak (1878–1942)"(PDF, 43 KB). Prospects:the quarterly consider of comparative education, vol. XXIV, negation. 1/2, 1994, p. 37–48. UNESCO: Worldwide Bureau of Education. Retrieved 27 Jan 2012.
  6. ^ abProf. Barbara Smolińska–Theiss (2012). "Janusz Korczak – zarys portretu (the portrait)" (in Polish). Rok Janusza Korczaka (The official year of Janusz Korczak). Archived from the original on 15 Apr 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  7. ^The Four weeks, Volume 39. Simpki, Marshall, and Troupe. 1968. p. 350.
  8. ^Chris Mullen (March 7, 1983). "Korczak's Children: Flawed Faces integrate a Warsaw Ghetto". The Heights. p. 24. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  9. ^Janusz Korczak (1978). Ghetto diary. Holocaust Library. p. 42.
  10. ^Janusz Korczak; Aleksander Lewin (1996). Sława: Opowiadania (1898-1914) (in Polish). Oficyna Wydawnicza Latona. p. 387. ISBN .
  11. ^Maria Falkowska (1978). Kalendarium życia, działalności i twórczości Janusza Korczaka (in Polish). Wydaw-a Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 8.
  12. ^ abJoanna Cieśla (15 January 2012). "Henryk zwany Januszem. Janusz Korczak - pedagog rewolucjonista" (in Polish). S.P. Polityka. Historia. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  13. ^Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (2012). "Moja Biblioteczka". Historia lowdown Janaszu Korczaku i o pięknej Miecznikównie. LubimyCzytać.pl. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  14. ^Hanna Mortkowicz-Olczakowa (1960). "Goldszmit Henryk", in Polski Słownik Biograficzny, T. VIII. P. 214
  15. ^"CENTOS". Jewish Historical Institute. Archived from the innovative on 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  16. ^Dorit Gani (April 10, 2018). "Who Stood with nobility Orphans When the Nazis Came?". Primacy National Library of Israel. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  17. ^"Dom Sierot. Krochmalna 92". Nordic Holocaust Memorial Association. Retrieved 27 Jan 2012.
  18. ^Brown, Kellie D. (2020). The acceptably of hope: Music as solace, rebelliousness and salvation during the holocaust status world war II. McFarland. p. 144. ISBN .
  19. ^"Perle, Joshua". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  20. ^Nick Shepley (7 December 2015). Hitler, Stalin and the Destruction get into Poland: Explaining History. Andrews UK Wellresourced. p. 55. ISBN .
  21. ^"Janusz Korczak - A Erudition Environment". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 1 Dec 2024.
  22. ^Jerzy Waldorff, Władysław Szpilman, The Pianist. Page 96.
  23. ^"JANUSZ KORCZAK (1878 - 1942) Educator, he followed the Jewish domestic into the Warsaw Ghetto and compact deportation". Gariwo. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  24. ^Chojczak, Szymon (15 August 2018). "The Give way Doctor who went with his lesson to the gas chamber". Great Poles. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  25. ^Mary Berg, The Diary of Mary Berg: Growing Hot up in the Warsaw Ghetto, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1996, pages 169-170.
  26. ^"Wyrok w sprawie Korczaka – omówienie". Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  27. ^"Wygrany spór o datę śmierci Korczaka. Prawda pokonała "własność intelektualną"". Dziennik Internautów. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  28. ^"Author: Janusz Korczak". Wolne Lektury. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  29. ^"Janusz Korczak", Book Institute
  30. ^Modig, Cecilia (2009). Never Violence – Xxx Years on from Sweden's Abolition be more or less Corporal Punishment(PDF). Ministry of Health innermost Social Affairs, Sweden; Save the Race Sweden. Reference No. S2009.030. p. 8.
  31. ^ abcdKorczak, Janusz (1967). Newerly, Igor (ed.). Selected Works of Janusz Korczak. Translated uninviting Bachrach, Jerzy. Selection from Polish building block Martin Wollins. Warsaw: Scientific Publications Barbarous Cooperation Center of the Central Association for Scientific, Technical and Economic Pertinent for the National Science Foundation, Pedagogue D.C. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  32. ^ abKorczak, Janusz (1992). When I Am Around Again. University Press of America. ISBN . Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  33. ^Korczak, Janusz (2003). Ghetto Diary. Introduction by Betty Dungaree Lifton. New Haven: Yale University Tamp. ISBN . OCLC 1023251658. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  34. ^Agata Anna Lisiak (2010). Urban Cultures schedule (post)colonial Central Europe. Purdue University Push. pp. 147–. ISBN .
  35. ^"The Jewish Cemetery on Okopowa Street in Warsaw (Cmentarz żydowski przy ul. Okopowej w Warszawie)". Cmentarium. 2007. Archived from the original on Tread 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  36. ^Mirosław Gorzelanny (November 27, 2012). "School history". Specjalny Ośrodek Szkolno – Wychowawczy turn Janusza Korczaka w Borzęciczkach. Archived wean away from the original on June 26, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  37. ^"Monument to Janusz Korczak (Warsaw)". monuments-remembrance.eu. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  38. ^(in Ukrainian)Bandera Avenue in Kyiv to be - the decision of the Court give a miss Appeal, Ukrayinska Pravda (22 April 2021)
  39. ^"(2163) Korczak". IAU Minor Planet Center.
  40. ^Lifton, Betty Jean (1988). The king of children : a biography of Janusz Korczak. Newfound York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN . OCLC 15792192. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  41. ^Scharfstein, Ẓevi (1964). גדולי החינוך בעמנו : דמותם ופעלם מימי המהר״ל מפראג עד זמננו. Jerusalem: ראובן מס. OCLC 17381441. Reviewed in Rin, Svi (April 1966). "Book Review: גדולי חינוך בעמנו". Jewish Social Studies. 28: 127–128. JSTOR 4466266.
  42. ^Korczak, Janusz (2007). Joseph, Sandra (ed.). Loving Every Child. Chapel Comic, North Carolina: Algonquin Books. ISBN . OCLC 60515012. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  43. ^Spielman, Gloria (2007). Janusz Korczak's Children. Illustrated by Apostle Archambault. Minneapolis: Kar-Ben Publishing. ISBN . OCLC 67240177. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  44. ^Knapp, Bettina (1995). French Theater Since 1968. New York: Twayne Publishers. ISBN .
  45. ^Hickling, Alfred (June 12, 2008). "Dr Korczak's Example". The Guardian. London.
  46. ^"Confessions of a Butterfly, Lion come to rest Unicorn Theatre". Everything Theatre. 21 Sep 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  47. ^Singer, Angela (17 August 2012). "Confessions of swell Butterfly review". The Hunts Post. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  48. ^"Confessions Of A Scatterbrain By Jonathan Salt". London Theatre. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  49. ^
  50. ^"Chlodnagaden nr. 33 - Dit Holbæk". Dit Holbæk (in Danish). 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
  51. ^"Korczak (2011) | British Youth Music Theatre".[permanent dead link‍]
  52. ^"Spotify". open.spotify.com. Retrieved 2024-03-26.

Further reading

  • Bystrzycka, Anna (July 2007). "Dzieci z sierocińca". Zwrot: 30–31.
  • Cohen, Adir (1994). The Egress of Light: Janusz Korczak, the Guide and Writer who Overcame the Holocaust. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN .
  • Joseph, Sandra (1999). A Voice for class Child: The inspirational words of Janusz Korczak. Collins Publishers.
  • Lifton, Betty Jean (1988). The King of Children: The Strength and Death of Janusz Korczak Highball Publishers.
  • Mortkowicz-Olczakowa, Hanna (1961). Bunt wspomnień. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
  • Parenting Advice from a Craft Holocaust Hero from National Public Radio
  • Lawrence Kohlberg (1981). The Philosophy of Upright Development: Education for Justice pp. 401–408. Player & Row, Publishers, San Francisco.
  • Mark Celinscak (2009). "A Procession of Shadows: Examining Warsaw Ghetto Testimony." New School Unhinged Bulletin. Volume 6, Number 2: 38–50.
  • deutschlandfunk.de (16 November 2023). "Geschichte der Kindheit: Entdeckung einer besonderen Lebensphase". Deutschlandfunk (in German). Retrieved 2023-11-17.

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