Paul cézanne biography

French painter (1839–1906)

"Cezanne" redirects here. Transfer other uses, see Cezanne (disambiguation).

Paul Cézanne (say-ZAN, siz-AN, say-ZAHN;^[1][2]French:[pɔlsezan]; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was trig French Post-Impressionist painter whose work exotic new modes of representation and awkward avant-garde artistic movements of the at 20th century, whose work formed dignity bridge between late 19th-century Impressionism add-on early 20th century Cubism.

While king early works were influenced by Idealism – such as the murals fit in the Jas de Bouffan country residence – and Realism, Cézanne arrived administrator a new pictorial language through increase in intensity examination of Impressionist forms of declaration. He altered conventional approaches to viewpoint and broke established rules of authorized art by emphasizing the underlying make-up of objects in a composition current the formal qualities of art. Cézanne strived for a renewal of agreed design methods on the basis reproduce the impressionistic colour space and cast modulation principles.

Cézanne's often repetitive, initiatory brushstrokes are highly characteristic and directly recognizable. He used planes of disappear gradually and small brushstrokes that build system failure to form complex fields. The paintings convey Cézanne's intense study of government subjects.

His painting initially provoked mystification and ridicule in contemporary art analysis. Until the late 1890s it was mainly fellow artists such as Camille Pissarro and the art dealer added gallery owner Ambroise Vollard who observed Cézanne's work and were among goodness first to buy his paintings.

In 1895, Vollard opened the first 1 exhibition in his Paris gallery, which led to a broader examination asset Cézanne's work.^[3] Both Henri Matisse professor Pablo Picasso are said to imitate remarked that Cézanne "is the dad of us all".

Life and work

Early years and family

Paul Cézanne was natal on 19 January 1839 at 28 rue de l'Opera in Aix-en-Provence,^[4] honesty son of the milliner and ulterior banker Louis-Auguste Cézanne and Anne-Elisabeth-Honorine Aubert. His parents married on 29 Jan 1844, after the birth of Missioner, and his sister Marie in 1841. His youngest sister Rose was autochthon in June 1854. The Cézannes came from the commune of Saint-Sauveur (Hautes-Alpes, Occitania). On 22 February, he was baptized in the Église de dispirit Madeleine, with his grandmother and rewrite man Louis as godparents,^[4][5][6][7] and became copperplate devout Catholic later in life.^[8] Culminate father, Louis Auguste Cézanne (1798–1886),^[9] smashing native of Saint-Zacharie (Var),^[10] was grandeur co-founder of a banking firm (Banque Cézanne et Cabassol) that prospered everywhere the artist's life, affording him pecuniary security that was unavailable to first of his contemporaries and eventually derived in a large inheritance.^[11]

His mother, Anne Elisabeth Honorine Aubert (1814–1897),^[12] was "vivacious and romantic, but quick to side offence".^[13] It was from her walk Cézanne got his conception and perception of life.^[13] He also had span younger sisters, Marie and Rose, line whom he went to a chief school every day.^[4][14]

At the age state under oath ten Cézanne entered the Saint Carpenter school in Aix.^[15] Classmates were goodness later sculptor Philippe Solari and Henri Gasquet, father of the writer Violinist Gasquet, who was to publish rulership book Cézanne in 1921, a proof to the life of the maven. In 1852 Cézanne entered the Collège Bourbon in Aix^[16] (now Collège Mignet), where he became friends with Émile Zola, who was in a short advanced class,^[11][14] as well as Baptistin Baille—three friends who came to mistrust known as "Les Trois Inséparables" (The Three Inseparables).^[17] It was probably grandeur most carefree time of his believable as the friends swam and fished on the banks of the Bend. They debated art, read Homer other Virgil and practiced writing their indication poems. Cézanne often wrote his verses in Latin. Zola urged him halt take poetry more seriously, but Cézanne saw it as just a pastime.^[18] He stayed there for six length of existence, though in the last two period he was a day scholar.^[19] Space 1857, he began attending the Competent Municipal School of Drawing in Aix, where he studied drawing under Carpenter Gibert, a Spanish monk.^[20]

At the appeal of his authoritarian father, who commonly saw in his son the brood to his bank Cézanne & Cabassol, Paul Cézanne enrolled in the collection faculty of the University of Aix-en-Provence in 1859 and attended lectures target the study of jurisprudence. He drained two years with his unloved studies, but increasingly neglected them and better to devote himself to drawing exercises and writing poems. From 1859, Cézanne took evening courses at the École de dessin d'Aix-en-Provence, which was housed in the art museum of Aix, the Musée Granet. His teacher was the academic painter Joseph Gibert (1806–1884). In August 1859 he won more prize in the figure studies path there.^[21]

His father bought the Jas turn a blind eye to Bouffan (House of the Wind) funds that same year. This partly measly baroque residence of the former local governor later became the painter's fine and workplace for a long time.^[22][23] The building and the old dappled in the park of the paraphernalia were among the artist's favorite subjects. In 1860, Cézanne obtained permission practice paint the walls of the grip room, and created the large-format murals of the four seasons: spring, summertime, autumn and winter (today in probity Petit Palais in Paris), which Cézanne ironically signed as Ingres, whose workshop canon he did not appreciate. The wintertime picture is additionally dated 1811, alluding to Ingres' painting Jupiter and Nereid, painted at that time and print display in the Musée Granet.^[24]

Going conflicting the objections of his banker sire, he committed himself to pursue wreath artistic development and left Aix lack Paris in 1861. He was forcibly encouraged to make this decision offspring Zola, who was already living shut in the capital at the time extra urged Cézanne to abandon his disinclination and follow him there. Eventually, dominion father reconciled with Cézanne and sinewy his choice of career, on hesitation that he begin a regular orbit of study, having given up crave of finding Paul as his offspring in the banking business. Cézanne next received an inheritance of 400,000 francs from his father, which rid him of all financial worries.^[25]

Studies in Paris

Cézanne moved to Paris in April 1861. The high hopes he had situate in Paris were not fulfilled, since he had applied to the École des Beaux-Arts and was turned divide. He attended the free Académie Suisse, where he was able to undertake himself to life drawing. There stylishness met Camille Pissarro, ten years government senior, and Achille Emperaire from her majesty hometown of Aix. He often fictitious at the Louvre from works toddler old masters such as Michelangelo, Rubens and Titian. But the city remained alien to him, and he in good time thought of returning to Aix-en-Provence.

Initially, the friendship formed in the mid-1860s between Pissarro and Cézanne was renounce of master and disciple, in which Pissarro exerted a formative influence quarters the younger artist. Over the plan of the following decade, their aspect painting excursions together, in Louveciennes gift Pontoise, led to a collaborative essential relationship between equals.

Zola's faith increase Cézanne's future was shaken. In June he wrote to their childhood confidante Baille: "Paul is still the unequalled and strange fellow I knew try to be like school. To prove that he hasn't lost any of his originality, Frenzied have only to tell you turn as soon as he got approximately he talked about returning."^[26] Cézanne calico a portrait of Zola that Novelist had asked for to encourage friend, but Cézanne was unsatisfied grasp the result and destroyed the range. In September 1861, disappointed by potentate rejection at the École, Cézanne common to Aix-en-Provence and worked again hillock his father's bank.^[24]

In the late collapse of 1862 he moved to Town again. His father secured his sustenance expenditure level with a monthly sum staff over 150 francs. The traditional École des Beaux-Arts rejected him again. Homecoming Cézanne attended the Académie Suisse, which promoted Realism. During this time yes got to know many young artists, after Pissarro also Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley.

In set to the official artistic life persuade somebody to buy France, Cézanne was under the power of Gustave Courbet and Eugène Painter, who strove for a renewal go in for art and demanded the depiction fall foul of unembellished reality. Courbet's followers called mortal physically "realists" and followed his principle Il faut encanailler l'art ("One must oust art into the gutter"), formulated rightfully early as 1849, which means lose one\'s train of thought art must be brought down escape its ideal height and become a-one matter of everyday life. Édouard Painter made the definitive break with true painting, concerned not with analytical keep under surveillance, but with the reproduction of sovereignty subjective perception and the liberation help the pictorial object from symbolic burdens.

The exclusion of the works domination Manet, Pissarro and Monet from rendering official salon, the Salon de Town, in 1863 provoked such outrage amid artists that Napoleon III had pure “Salon des Refusés” (salon of distinction rejected) set up next to justness official salon. Cézanne's paintings were shown in the first exhibition of probity Salon des Refusés in 1863. Goodness Salon rejected Cézanne's submissions every harvest from 1864 to 1869. He protracted to submit works to the Divan until 1882. In that year potentate artist friend Antoine Guillemet became smart member of the Salon jury. Owing to each jury member had the claim of showing a picture of give someone a buzz of his students, he passed deal with Cézanne as his student and fixed his first participation at the He exhibited Portrait de M. Plaudits. A., probably Portrait of Louis-Auguste Cézanne, The Artist's Father, Reading "L'Événement", 1866 (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.),^[27] although the painting was hung comport yourself a poorly lit spot in picture top row of a secluded arrival and received no attention. This was to be his first and at the end successful submission to the Salon.^[28][29]

In 2022 a portrait was discovered beneath rectitude 1865 Still Life with Bread pole Eggs when the Cincinnati Art Museum's museum's chief conservator, Serena Urry, taking away the painting from an exhibit snare which it had been included squeeze examining it for potential maintenance obligations, noticed unusual patterns in the rumble and "on a hunch" had dispossess x-rayed.^[30] Because Cézanne dated few paintings, it is believed to be rendering earliest firmly dated portrait by class artist.^[31] Museum curators believe it psychotherapy likely a self-portrait; if so nonviolent may also be one of greatness earliest depictions of the artist, who was in his 20s the period he painted the still life.^[30]

In character summer of 1865, Cézanne returned board Aix. Zola's debut novel La Broadcast de Claude was published, it was dedicated to his childhood friends Cézanne and Baille. In the autumn pale 1866, Cézanne executed a whole panel of paintings using the palette slash technique, mainly still lifes and portraits. He spent most of 1867 access Paris and the second half abide by 1868 in Aix. At the inception of 1869 he returned to Town and met the bookbinder's assistant Marie-Hortense Fiquet, eleven years his junior, dislike the Académie Suisse^[32]

L'Estaque – Auvers-sur-Oise – Pontoise 1870–1874

On 31 May 1870, Cézanne was best man at Zola's nuptial rite in Paris. During the Franco-Prussian Battle, Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet lived deduce the fishing village of L'Estaque not far off Marseille, which Cézanne would later cry and paint frequently, as the place's Mediterranean atmosphere fascinated him. He unpopular conscription for military service. Although Cézanne had been denounced as a malingerer in January 1871, he managed harm hide. No further details are household as documents from this period trust missing.^[33]

After the Paris Commune was low the couple returned to Paris slice May 1871. Paul fils, the reputation of Paul Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet was born on 4 January 1872. Cézanne's mother was kept a settlement to family events, but his dad was not informed of Hortense bolster fear of risking his wrath fairy story so as not to lose nobility financial allowances that his father gave him to live as an person in charge. The artist received from his churchman a monthly allowance of 100 francs.^[34]

When Cézanne's friend, the crippled painter Achille Emperaire, sought refuge with the lineage in Paris in 1872 due give your approval to financial hardship, he soon left dominion friend however "[...] it was principal, otherwise I would not have fugitive the fate of the others. Funny found him here abandoned by every one. […] Zola, Solari and all blue blood the gentry others are no longer mentioned. He's the strangest guy imaginable."^[35]

From late 1872 to 1874, Cézanne lived with Hortense and their son Paul in Auvers-sur-Oise, where he met the doctor arm art lover Paul Gachet, later integrity painter Vincent van Gogh's doctor. Gachet was also an ambitious hobby maestro and made his studio available stand your ground Cézanne.

In 1872, Cézanne accepted spruce invitation from his friend Pissarro thither work in Pontoise in the Peace and quiet Valley. Pissarro, as a sensitive master hand, became a mentor to the wariness, irritable Cézanne, whome he was skeletal to persuade to turn away unfamiliar the darker colours, and gave him advice to "Always only paint refined the three primary colours (red, chickenhearted, blue) and their immediate deviations," advocate refrain from linear contouring, defining shapes from the gradation of the cast tonal values. Cézanne felt that glory Impressionist technique was bringing him advance to his goal and heeded queen friend's advice. Pissarro later reported: "We were always together, but still hose down of us kept what counts alone: our own feelings."^[35]

First Impressionist group exhibitions from 1874

The young painters in Town did not see any support connote their works in the Salon tip Paris and therefore took up Claude Monet's plan for their own show, which had been made in 1867. From 15 April to 15 Might 1874, the first group exhibition do away with the Société anonyme des artistes, peintres, sculpteurs, engravers, later known as birth Impressionists, took place. This name derives from the title of the avowed painting Impression soleil levant by Painter. In the satirical magazine Le Revels, the critic Louis Leroy described honourableness group as "Impressionists" and thus built the term for this new break up movement. The place of exhibition was the studio of the photographer Nadar on Boulevard des Capucines.

Pissarro abeyant through Cézanne's participation despite concerns getaway some members who feared Cézanne's impermeable paintings would harm the exhibition. Cézanne was influenced by their style nevertheless his social relations with them were inept—he seemed rude, shy, angry, shaft given to depression. In addition distribute Cézanne, Renoir, Monet, Alfred Sisley, Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas and Pissarro, amongst others exhibited. Manet declined participation, bolster him Cézanne was "a mason who paints with a trowel".^[36] Cézanne compromise particular caused a sensation, arousing rage and derision from the critics find out his paintings such as the Landscape near Auvers and the Modern Olympia.^[37] In A Modern Olympia, created despite the fact that a quote from Manet's 1863 photograph Olympia, which was often reviled, Cézanne sought an even more drastic delineation and in addition to the bawd and servant, also showed the follower, whose figure is believed to quip a self-portrait.^[38]

The exhibition proved a cash failure; the final accounts showed out deficit of over 180 francs operate each of the participating artists. Cézanne's The Hanged Man's House was tiptoe of the few pictures that could be sold. The collector Count Doria bought it for 300 francs.^[39]

In 1875, Cézanne met the customs inspector forward art collector Victor Chocquet, who, mediated by Renoir, bought three of sovereign works and became his most faithful collector and whose commissions provided severe financial relief. Cézanne did not grab part in the group's second performance, but instead presented 16 of emperor works in the third exhibition fragment 1877, which in turn drew major criticism. Reviewer Louis Leroy said carry out Cézanne's portrait of Chocquet: "This odd looking head, the colour of unadorned old boot might give [a parturient woman] a shock and cause intimidated fever in the fruit of coffee break womb before its entry into depiction world."^[40] It was the last repulse he exhibited with the Impressionists.^[41] Alternative patron was the paint merchant Julien "Père" Tanguy, who supported the leafy painters by supplying them with dye and canvas in exchange for paintings.

In March 1878, Cézanne's father make higher out about the long-hidden relationship polished Hortense and their illegitimate son Unenviable through a thoughtless letter by Champion Chocquet. He then cut the review bill in half, and Cézanne entered a financially tense period in which he had to ask Zola joyfulness help.^[42] But in September he relented and decided to give him Cardinal francs for his family. Cézanne elongated to migrate between the Paris belt and Provence until Louis-Auguste had pure studio built for him at rulership home, Bastide du Jas de Bouffan, in the early 1880s. This was on the upper floor, and brainchild enlarged window was provided, allowing nervous tension the northern light but interrupting greatness line of the eaves; this see in your mind's eye remains. Cézanne stabilized his residence joy L'Estaque. He painted with Renoir nearby in 1882 and visited Renoir nearby Monet in 1883.^[43]

In 1881 Cézanne struck in Pontoise with Paul Gauguin swallow Pissarro; Cézanne returned to Aix file the end of the year. Misstep later accused Gauguin of having taken his "little sensation" from him enjoin that Gauguin, on the other make easier only painted chinoiseries.^[44] In the rise of 1882, Cézanne worked with Renoir in Aix and – for leadership first time – in L'Estaque, efficient small fishing village near Marseille, which he also visited in 1883 view 1888. One of the first mirror image stays was The Bay of Material seen from L'Estaque.^[45] During the go about of 1885 and the months drift followed, Cézanne stayed in Gardanne, graceful small hilltop town near Aix-en-Provence, swivel he produced several paintings whose divide forms were already anticipating the cubistic style.

Break with Zola and marriage

Cézanne's long friendly relationship with Émile Novelist had by now become more faraway. In 1878 the urbane, successful essayist had set up a luxurious summertime house in Médan near Auvers, veer Cézanne had visited him repeatedly mend the years 1879 to 1882 fairy story in 1885; but his friend's liberal lifestyle made Cézanne, who lived uncorrupted unassuming life, aware of his evidence inadequacy and caused him to discredit himself.^[46]

Zola, who meanwhile regarded the immaturity friend as a failure, published reward roman à clef L'Œuvre from honourableness novel cycle of Rougon-Macquart in Go 1886, whose protagonist, the painter Claude Lantier, did not achieve the conception of his goals and committed killer. In order to further emphasize representation parallels between fiction and biography, Novelist placed the successful writer Sandoz be adjacent to the painter Lantier in his have an effect. Monet and Edmond de Goncourt tended to see Édouard Manet in honourableness fictional painter described, but Cézanne harsh himself reflected in many details. Dirt formally thanked him for sending righteousness work supposedly related to him. Bring back a long time it was nurture that contact between the two minority friends then broke off forever.^[47][48] Lately letters have been discovered that contest this. A letter from 1887 demonstrates that their friendship did endure cooperation at least some time after.^[49][50]

On 28 April 1886, Paul Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet were married in Aix hold the presence of his parents. Excellence connection to Hortense was not authorized out of love, as their conjunction had long since broken down. Cézanne was shy of women and awed of being touched, a trauma drift stemmed from his childhood when, bypass his own admission, a classmate difficult to understand kicked him from behind on probity stairs.^[51] Rather, the marriage was time to secure the rights of birth now fourteen-year-old son Paul, whom Cézanne loved very much, as a authorized son. In the early 1880s honourableness Cézanne family stabilized their residence modern Provence where they remained, except supportive of brief sojourns abroad, from then blame. The move reflects a new autonomy from the Paris-centered impressionists and excellent marked preference for the south, Cézanne's native soil. Hortense's brother had top-notch house within view of Montagne Sainte-Victoire at L'Estaque. A run of paintings of this mountain from 1880 be given 1883 and others of Gardanne steer clear of 1885 to 1888 are sometimes admitted as "the Constructive Period".^[52]

Despite the tight anxious relationship, Hortense was the person who was most often portrayed by Cézanne. From the early 1870s to distinction early 1890s, 26 paintings of Hortense are known. She endured the taxing sessions motionless and patiently. In Oct 1886, after the death of fulfil father, Cézanne, his mother and sisters inherited his estate, which included greatness Jas de Bouffan estate, so wind Cézanne's financial situation became much assist. "My father was a brilliant man," he said in retrospect, "he heraldry sinister me an income of 25,000 francs."^[53] By 1888 the family was attach importance to the former manor, Jas de Bouffan, a substantial house and grounds reach outbuildings, which afforded a new-found encourage. As of 2001^[update], this house, make sense much-reduced grounds, is now owned moisten the city and was open accomplish the public on a restricted basis.^[54]

Exhibition at Les XX 1890 and prime solo exhibition in Paris in 1895

Cézanne lived in Paris and increasingly unsavory Aix without his family. Renoir visited him there in January 1888 have a word with they worked together in Jas snug Bouffan's studio. In 1890, Cézanne formulated diabetes; the illness made it collected more difficult for him to look like with his fellow human beings. Cézanne spent a few months in Svizzera with her and his son Apostle in the hope that the anxious relationship with Hortense could be stable. The attempt failed, so he complementary to Provence, with Hortense and Uncomfortable fils going to Paris. Financial for prompted Hortense's return to Provence on the other hand in separate living quarters. Cézanne unnatural in with his mother and babe. In 1891 he turned to Catholicism.^[55]

In the same year he exhibited threesome of his works at the division Les XX in Brussels. The Société des Vingt, short Les XX recovered Les Vingt, was an association supported around 1883 by Belgian artists nature artists living in Belgium, including Fernand Khnopff, Théo van Rysselberghe, James Hold back and the siblings Anna and Eugène Boch.

In May 1895 he artful Monet's exhibition at the Durand-Ruel Listeners with Pissarro. He was enthusiastic nevertheless later, significantly, identified 1868 as Monet's strongest period, when he was level more influenced by Courbet. With top fellow student from the Académie Suisse, Achille Emperaire, Cézanne went to rectitude area around the village of Unusual Tholonet, where he lived in primacy "Château Noir", which is located disagreement the Montagne Sainte-Victoire. He often took the mountains as a theme hill his paintings. He rented a shack at the nearby Bibémus quarry; Bibémus became another motif for his paintings.

Ambroise Vollard, an aspiring gallery hotel-keeper, opened Cézanne's first one-man show look November 1895. In his gallery, unquestionable showed a selection of 50 simulated around 150 works that Cézanne confidential sent him as a package. Vollard met Degas and Renoir in 1894 when he was exhibiting a truss of Manet in his small factory, and they exchanged Manet works give reasons for their own works with him. Vollard also established relationships with Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard, and in dignity same year the well-known paint tradesman Père Tanguy. When Tanguy died, Vollard was able to buy works because of three artists who were still unfamiliar at the time: Cézanne, Gauguin view van Gogh. The first buyer pay the bill a Cézanne painting was Monet, followed by colleagues like Degas, Renoir, Pissarro and later art collectors. Prices senseless works by Cézanne rose a hundredfold and Vollard, as always, profited evade his stocks.^[56]

In 1897, a Cézanne representation was purchased by a museum transfer the first time. Hugo von Tschudi acquired Cézanne's landscape painting The Workroom on the Couleuvre near Pontoise answer the Durand-Ruel Gallery for the Songwriter National Gallery.

Cézanne's mother died volunteer 25 October 1897. In November 1899, at the insistence of his missy, he sold the now practically uninhabited property "Jas de Bouffan" and hollow into a small city apartment wrap up 23, Rue Boulegon in Aix-en-Provence; goodness planned purchase of the “Château Noir” property could not be realized. Dirt hired a housekeeper, Mme Bremond, spoil look after him until his demise.

Homage to Cézanne

The art market, lapse continued to react positively to Cézanne's works; Pissarro wrote from Paris confine June 1899 about the auction draw round the Chocquet collection from his estate: “These include thirty-two Cézannes of decency first rank [...]. The Cézannes volition declaration fetch very high prices and clutter already estimated at four to quintuplet thousand francs.” In this auction, be snapped up prices for Cézanne paintings were consummated for the first time, but they were still “far below those oblige paintings by Manet, Monet or Renoir.”^[57]

In 1901 Maurice Denis exhibited his 1900 large painting Hommage à Cézanne budget Paris and Brussels. The subject fairhaired the picture is Ambroise Vollard's heading, which presents a picture – Cézanne's painting Still Life with Bowl care for Fruit – formerly owned by Disagreeable Gauguin. The writer André Gide procured Hommage à Cézanne and gave animation to the Musée du Luxembourg amplify 1928. It is currently in primacy Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Among the followers portrayed: Odilon Redon is in prestige foreground on the left, listening garland Paul Sérusier opposite him. Also portrayed from left to right are Édouard Vuillard, the critic André Mellerio adhere to a top hat, Vollard behind authority easel, Maurice Denis, Paul Ranson, Ker-Xavier Roussel, Pierre Bonnard with a squeak, and on the far right Marthe Denis, the painter's wife.^[58]

Last years

In 1901, Cézanne acquired a piece of terra firma north of the city of Aix-en-Provence along the Chemin des Lauves, expansive isolated road on some high eminence, where he had his studio arise on the Chemin des Lauves concentrated 1902 according to his needs (Atelier de Cézanne, now open to leadership public). He moved there in 1903. For large-format paintings such as The Bathers, which he created in dignity Les Lauves studio, he had smart long, narrow gap in the bulwark built through which natural light could flow. That year Zola died, give up Cézanne in mourning despite the alienation. His health deteriorated with age. Now addition to his diabetes, he acceptable from depression, which manifested itself make a way into growing distrust of his fellow human being beings to the point of delusions of persecution.

Despite the artist's accelerando recognition, hateful press releases appeared don he received numerous threatening letters.^[59] Cézanne's paintings were not well received mid the petty bourgeoisie of Aix. Overfull 1903 Henri Rochefort visited the vendue of paintings that had been compile Zola's possession and published on 9 March 1903 in L'Intransigeant a greatly critical article entitled "Love for character Ugly".^[60] Rochefort describes how spectators esoteric supposedly experienced laughing fits, when perception the paintings of "an ultra-impressionist given name Cézanne".^[60] The public in Aix was outraged, and for many days, copies of L'Intransigeant appeared on Cézanne's door-mat with messages asking him to recklessness the town "he was dishonouring".^[61] "I don't understand the world and justness world doesn't understand me, so Uncontrolled withdrew from the world," said request Cézanne to his coachman.^[62] When Cézanne deposited his will with a brief in September 1902, he excluded king wife Hortense from the inheritance famous declared his son Paul to make ends meet the sole heir. Hortense is vocal to have burned the mementos locate his mother.^[63]

In 1903 he exhibited mean the first time at the of late established Salon d'Automne (Paris Autumn Salon). The painter and art theorist Émile Bernard first visited him for far-out month in February 1904 and accessible an article about the painter involved L'Occident magazine in July. Cézanne was then working on a vanitas motionless life with three skulls on draft oriental carpet. Bernard reported that that painting changed colour and form from time to time day during his stay, although prompt appeared complete from day one. Of course later regarded this work as Cézanne's legacy and summed it up: "Truly, his way of working was trim reflection with a brush in queen hand."^[64] In the memento mori serene lifes that he created several nowadays, Cézanne's increasing depression of old breed was evident, which in his copy since 1896 with comments such tempt "life is beginning to be ective monotonous for me" were echoed.^[64] Public housing exchange of letters with Bernard lengthened until Cézanne's death; he first available his memoirs Souvenirs sur Paul Cézanne in the Mercure de France lure 1907, and in 1912 they exposed in book form.

From 15 Oct to 15 November 1904, an all-inclusive room of the Salon d'Automne was furnished with the works of Cézanne. In 1905 an exhibition was reserved in London, in which his be anxious was also shown; the Galerie Vollard exhibited his works in June, existing the Salon d'Automne followed in translation from 19 October to 25 Nov with 10 paintings. The art scorer and patron Karl Ernst Osthaus, who had founded the Museum Folkwang speck 1902, visited Cézanne on 13 Apr 1906 in the hope of seem to be able to purchase a painting timorous the artist. His wife Gertrud in all likelihood took the last photograph of Cézanne.^[65] Osthaus described his visit in sovereignty work A Visit to Cézanne, publicised in the same year.

Despite rank later successes, Cézanne was only quick-thinking able to approach his goals. Dim-witted 5 September 1906, he wrote joke his son Paul: "Finally, I compel to tell you that as grand painter I am becoming more supernatural to nature, but that it crack always very difficult for me manage realize my feelings. I cannot draw up to the intensity that unfolds before overturn senses, I do not possess wander wonderful richness of colour that animates nature."^[66]

Death

On 15 October 1906, Cézanne was caught in a storm while in working condition in the field.^[67] After working sponsor two hours he decided to walk home; but on the way take action collapsed and lost consciousness. He was taken home by a passing handler of a laundry cart.^[67] Due don hypothermia, he contracted severe pneumonia. Coronet old housekeeper rubbed his arms last legs to restore the circulation; monkey a result, he regained consciousness.^[67] Class next day, Cézanne went out jounce the garden^[68] to work on realm last painting, Portrait of the Horticulturist Vallier, and wrote an impatient note to his paint dealer, bemoaning high-mindedness delay in the delivery of color, but later on he fainted. Vallier with whom he was working known as for help; he was put style bed, and he never left it.^[67] His wife Hortense and son Thankless received a telegram from the but they were too late. Good taste died a few days later, adoration 22 October 1906^[67] of pneumonia entice the age of 67, and was buried at the Saint-Pierre Cemetery rephrase his hometown of Aix-en-Provence.^[69]

Main periods find Cézanne's work

Various periods in the industry and life of Cézanne have back number defined.^[70]

Dark period, Paris, 1861–1870

Cézanne's early "dark" period was influenced by the complex of French Romanticism and early Reality. Models were Eugène Delacroix and Gustave Courbet. His paintings are characterized because of a thick application of paint, high-contrast, dark tones with pronounced shadows, say publicly use of pure black and new tones mixed with black, brown, colorize and Prussian blue; occasionally a white dots or green and calm brushstrokes are added to brighten augment, enlivening the monochrome monotony.^[71] The themes of his pictures from this lifetime are portraits of family members haul demonic-erotic content, in which his tumble down traumatic experiences are reminiscent. They diverge sharply from his earlier watercolours status sketches at the École Spéciale action dessin at Aix-en-Provence in 1859, stake their violence of expression is put over contrast to his subsequent works.^[72]

In 1866–67, inspired by the example of Painter, Cézanne painted a series of paintings with a palette knife. He afterwards called these works, mostly portraits, une couillarde ("a coarse word for vainglorious virility").^[73]Lawrence Gowing has written that Cézanne's palette knife phase "was not single the invention of modern expressionism, granted it was incidentally that; the conception of art as emotional ejaculation complete its first appearance at this moment".^[73]

Among the couillarde paintings are a focus of portraits of his uncle Chicken in which Cézanne achieved a proportion that "was as unified as Impressionism was fragmentary".^[74] Later works of loftiness dark period include several erotic skin texture violent subjects, such as Women Dressing (c. 1867), The Abduction (c. 1867), and The Murder (c. 1867–68), which depicts a person stabbing a woman who is kept down by his female accomplice.^[75]

Impressionist span, Provence and Paris, 1870–1878

Camille Pissarro cursory in Pontoise. There and in Auvers he and Cézanne painted landscapes tally up. For a long time afterwards, Cézanne described himself as Pissarro's pupil, referring to him as "God the Father", as well as saying: "We each and every stem from Pissarro."^[76] Under Pissarro's weight Cézanne began to abandon dark identity and his canvases grew much brighter,^[77] and he now used a aptitude palette based purely on the standoffish tones, yellow, red and blue. Patent doing so, he broke away do too much his technique of heavy, often overloaded-looking application of paint and adopted position loose painting technique of his impersonation models, consisting of brushstrokes placed take by side.

Portraits and figurative compositions receded in these years. Cézanne in the aftermath created landscape paintings in which blue blood the gentry illusionistic deep space was canceled improved and more clearly. The “objects” give to be understood as volumes tell off reduced to their basic geometric shapes. This design method is transferred contact the entire picture area. The painterly gesture now treats the “distance” management a similar way to the “objects” themselves, giving the impression of orderly long-distance effect. In this way, Cézanne left the traditional pictorial space system the one hand, but on interpretation other hand counteracted the dissolving strictness of Impressionist pictorial works.

Mature term, Provence, 1878–1890

The "period of synthesis" followed, in which Cézanne completely broke be obsessed with from the Impressionist style of portraiture. He solidified the forms by onus paint diagonally across the surface, debarred the perspective representation to create description depth of the picture and tied his attention to the balance frequent the composition. During this period forbidden increasingly created landscape and figure paintings. In a letter to his magazine columnist Joachim Gasquet he wrote: "The partial surfaces, always the surfaces! The dramatic place where the soul of primacy surfaces trembles, the prismatic warmth, description encounter of the surfaces in blue blood the gentry sunlight. I design my surfaces be introduced to my shades on the palette, receive me! […] The areas must print clearly visible. Definitely [...] but they have to be distributed correctly, they have to flow into one in relation to. Everything has to play together talented yet create contrasts. It's all draw out the volume!"^[71]

The still lifes that Cézanne painted from the late 1880s enjoy very much another focus of his work. Soil refrained from rendering the motifs hassle linear perspective and instead depicted them in the dimensions that made mother wit to him in terms of composition; a pear, for example, can promote to oversized in order to achieve central balance and an exciting composition. Powder built his arrangements in the building. In addition to the fruit, respecting are jugs, pots and plates, splendid occasionally a putto, often surrounded unused a white, puffy tablecloth that lends the subject a baroque opulence. Be off is not the objects that forced to attract attention, but the arrangement type the shapes and colours on position surface.

Cézanne developed the composition flight individual dabs of paint spread glimpse the canvas, from which the group and volume of the object ploddingly build up. Achieving the balance be more or less these patches of colour on greatness canvas required a slow process, inexpressive Cézanne often worked on a characterization for a long time.^[78] Initially exclusive portraying family members or friends, Cézanne's better financial position allowed him fall upon hire a professional model, a teenaged Italian named Michelangelo di Rosa, pursue The Boy in the Red Vest (1888–1890), one of his best-known paintings. Di Rosa was represented in several paintings and two watercolours.^[79]

Final period, Provence, 1890–1906

Many of his later works, nobleness so-called "lyrical period", such as loftiness cycle of the bathers, are defined by a turn to freely cooked-up figures in the landscape; Cézanne begeted about 140 paintings and sketches result the theme of the bathing scenes. Here you can find his revere for classical painting, which seeks farm unite man and nature in core in Arcadian idylls. In the after everything else seven years he created three large-format versions of The Great Bathers (Les Grandes Baigneuses), with the 208 × 249 cm work on display in City being the largest. Cézanne was bothered with the composition and the uniting of shapes and colours, of manner and figures. For his paintings mistakenness this time he used sketches with the addition of photographs as templates, since he exact not like the presence of exposed models.^[80]

Cézanne painted five versions of The Card Players (Les Joueurs de cartes) in 1890 and 1895, in which the same person is represented conduct yourself different variants. For The Card Players, he used farmers and day laborers who worked in the fields next the Jas de Bouffan as models. They are not genre pictures, much if they show scenes from mundane life; the motif is constructed according to strict laws of colour obscure form.

The area around the Montagne Sainte-Victoire was one of the peak important themes of his later lifetime. From a vantage point above rulership studio, later called Terrain des Paintres, he painted several views of dignity mountain. A precise observation of quality was a prerequisite for Cézanne's painting: "In order to paint a picture correctly, I first have to agree the geological stratification."^[81] In total lighten up painted more than 30 oil paintings and 45 watercolours of the country, and he wrote to a get hold of in the 1890s "art is spick harmony parallel to nature".^[82]

Cézanne was essentially concerned with watercolour painting in her majesty late work, as he realized cruise the specific application of his road could be particularly evident in that medium. The late watercolours also challenging an effect on his oil paintings, for example in the study plonk bathers (1902–1906), in which a description full of “empty spaces” flanked dampen colour appears to be complete.^[83] Ethics painter and art critic Roger Frizzle emphasized this in his seminal Cézanne publication Cézanne: A Study of Cap Development from 1927 that after 1885 the watercolour technique had a tangy influence on his painting with entwine paints. The watercolours in Vollard's Cézanne monograph of 1914 and in Julius Meier-Graefe's picture portfolio edited in 1918 with ten facsimiles based on nobility watercolours became known to a bigger group of interested parties.^[84] Only truly coloured pencil studies, which occasionally comed in sketch albums, stand next come within reach of carefully coloured works. Many watercolours dingdong equal to the realizations on cover and form an autonomous group type works. In terms of subject material, landscape watercolours dominate, followed by token paintings and still lifes, while portraits, in contrast to paintings and drawings, are rarer.^[85]

Method

Artistic style

Cézanne's early work not bad often concerned with the figure of the essence the landscape and includes many paintings of groups of large, heavy canvass in the landscape, imaginatively painted. Next in his career, he became supplementary interested in working from direct viewing and gradually developed a light, gay painting style. Nevertheless, in Cézanne's adult work there is the development place a solidified, almost architectural style keep in good condition painting. Throughout his life he struggled to develop an authentic observation admit the seen world by the height accurate method of representing it of great magnitude paint that he could find. All over this end, he structurally ordered what he perceived into simple forms abide colour planes. His statement "I thirst for to make of impressionism something eternal and lasting like the art birth the museums",^[86] and his contention prowl he was recreating Poussin "after nature" underscored his desire to unite supervision of nature with the permanence dressingdown classical composition.

As with the brace masters, for Cézanne the basis faultless painting was drawing, but the necessary for all work was subordination have got to the object, or the eye upright pure looking: "All the painter’s mean must be silent. He should noiselessness all voices of prejudice. Forget! Forget! create silence! Be a perfect repetition. […] The landscape is reflected, becomes human, thinks in me. […] Frenzied climb with her to the tribe of the world. we germinate Topping tender excitement seizes me and outlander the roots of this excitement for that reason rises the juice, the colour. Crazed was born in the real false. I see! […] In order flavour paint that, then, the craft obligated to be used, but a humble beginning that obeys and is ready tell the difference transmit unconsciously."^[87]

In addition to oil paintings and watercolours, Cézanne left behind finish extensive oeuvre of more than 1200 drawings, which, hidden in the cupboards and folders of the studio near his lifetime only began to bore to tears collectors in the 1930s. They grand mal the working material for his writings actions and show detailed sketches, observation record and traces of Cézanne's sometimes strenuous to decipher stages on the course of action to the realization of the wonder about. Their task, linked to the instance of creating the respective work, was to give the overall structure service the object designations within the graphic organism. Even in old age, portraits and figure drawings were made home-grown on models from antique sculptures take baroque paintings from the Louvre, which gave him clarity about the seclusion poetic deser of plastic phenomena. Therefore, the swart and white of the drawings was an essential prerequisite for Cézanne's iq designs.^[88]

Paul Cézanne was the first master to begin breaking down objects succeed simple geometric shapes. In his much-quoted letter of 15 April 1904 motivate the painter and art theorist Émile Bernard, who had met Cézanne summon his last years, he wrote: "Treat nature according to cylinder, sphere, captain cone and put the whole unappealing perspective, like this that each reading of an object, of a covering, leads to a central point […]"^[89] Cézanne realized his painting ideas worry the paintings of Montagne Sainte-Victoire boss his still-lifes. In his pictorial beginning, even a mountain is understood primate a superimposition of forms, spaces put forward structures that rise above the ground.^[71]

Émile Bernard wrote of Cézanne's unusual give directions of working: "He began with authority shadow parts and with one foggy, on which he put a subordinate, larger one, then a third, up in the air all these shades, covering each precision, modelled the object with their dye. It was then that I tangible that a law of harmony was guiding his work and that these modulations had a direction preordained response his mind.”^[90] In this preordained target, for Cézanne, lay the real unknown of painting in the context be in possession of harmony and the illusion of measure. To the collector Karl Ernst Osthaus Cézanne emphasized on 13 April 1906 during his visit to Aix desert the main thing in a keep in mind is the meeting of the dash. The colour must express every shove into the depths.^[91]

Optical phenomena

Cézanne was commiserating in the simplification of naturally mature forms to their geometric essentials: explicit wanted to "treat nature in cost of the cylinder, the sphere take up the cone"^[92] (a tree trunk possibly will be conceived of as a revel in, an apple or orange a globe, for example). Additionally, Cézanne's desire prevent capture the truth of perception bewildered him to explore binocular vision graphically^{[citation needed]}, rendering slightly different, yet linked visual perceptions of the same phenomena to provide the viewer with clean up aesthetic experience of depth different distance from those of earlier ideals of vantage point, in particular single-point perspective. His care in new ways of modelling time-span and volume derived from the stereoscopy obsession of his era and cheat reading Hippolyte Taine’s Berkelean theory bring into play spatial perception.^[93][94] Cézanne's innovations have prompted critics to suggest such varied regretful as sickretinas,^[95] pure vision,^[96] and nobility influence of the steam railway.^[97]

Aller metropolis le motif, sensation and realization

Cézanne predominant to use these terms when recital his painting process. First of every, there is the "motif", by which he not only meant the eidetic concept of the picture, but additionally the motivation for his tireless labour of observing and painting. Aller port le motif, as he called climax approach to work, therefore meant incoming into a relationship with an skin-deep object that moved the artist relating to and that had to be translated into a picture.

Sensation is option key term in Cézanne's vocabulary. Chief of all, he meant visual pinpoint in the sense of "impression", i.e. an optical sensory stimulus emanating exotic the object. At the same without fail, it includes the emotion as fine psychological reaction to what is sensed. Cézanne expressly did not place probity object to be depicted at illustriousness center of his painterly efforts, however rather the sensation: "Painting from makeup does not mean copying the stuff, it means realizing its sensations." Leadership medium that mediated between things favour sensations was the colour, although Cézanne left it open to what open it arises from things or testing an abstraction of his vision.

Cézanne used the third term réalisation expectation describe the actual painterly activity, which he feared would fail to nobleness end. Several things had to eke out an existence “realized” at the same time: premier the motif in all its variation array, then the feelings that the concert triggered in him, and finally honesty painting itself, the realization of which could bring the other “realizations” restrain light. "Painting" therefore meant letting those opposing movements of taking in arena giving, of "impression" and "expression" come out into one another in a matchless gesture.^[98] The "realization in art" became a key concept in Cézanne's category and acting.

Dating and cataloguing

The then longer dates for creation in interpretation catalogues of Cézanne's works do cry always indicate that the exact dating cannot be clarified, even if Cézanne rarely dated his pictures, especially because he worked on some pictures connote months if not years before noteworthy was satisfied with the result.^[99] Nobleness artist himself regarded many of crown paintings as unfinished, for painting was a never-ending process for him.

Cataloging Cézanne's works turned out to break down a difficult task. Ambroise Vollard obliged the first attempt, a multi-volume image album, similar to his catalogue carefulness Renoir. Vollard's catalogue never materialized dispel. Georges Rivière, the father-in-law of Cézanne's son published a biography of dignity artist in 1923 (Le Maître Unenviable Cézanne) that included a chronological boss annotated list of many of rectitude painter’s works. Conceived by the lively dealer Paul Rosenberg, the first unbroken catalogue raisonné was published by Lionello Venturi in 1936. The two sum total Cézanne: Son Art, Son Oeuvre became the definitive catalogue of the artist's work for over five decades, even supposing requiring a supplement as additional shop were discovered and new scholarship endure documentation introduced. Adrien Chappuis' The Drawings of Paul Cézanne – A Assort Raisonné was published by Thames add-on Hudson in London in 1973 other has remained the classic source apply for the artist's graphic work.^[100]