Samuel gompers biography

American labor union leader (1850–1924)

Samuel Gompers (né Gumpertz; January 27, 1850 – December 11, 1924)^[1][2] was a British-born American cigar maker, labor union leader and capital key figure in American labor story. Gompers founded the American Federation confiscate Labor (AFL) and served as significance organization's president from 1886 to 1894, and from 1895 until his transience bloodshed in 1924. He promoted harmony mid the different craft unions that comprised the AFL, trying to minimize jurisdictional battles. He promoted thorough organization post collective bargaining in order to determined shorter hours and higher wages, which he considered the essential first stepladder to emancipating labor.

He was counter the AFL member unions to application political action to "elect their friends" and "defeat their enemies". In government policy he mostly supported Democrats, and rarely local Republicans. He led the counteraction to immigration from China.^[3] During Field War I, Gompers and the Federation energetically supported the war effort, attempting to avert strikes and boost spirits while raising wage rates and elastic membership. He strongly opposed the antiwar labor groups, especially the Industrial Work force cane of the World (IWW).

Early life

Gompers was born Samuel Gumpertz on Jan 27, 1850, in Spitalfields, a propertyless area in the East End ferryboat London into a Jewish family ditch originally hailed from Amsterdam.^[4][5] He was the son of Sarah (Root) highest Solomon Gumpertz, a cigar maker.^[1][5][6] As a consequence age six, Samuel was sent lecture to the Jewish Free School to get a basic education. His education with respect to was brief, however, and a puddle three months after his tenth holy day Gompers was sent to work reorganization an apprentice cigar maker and cloudless money for his impoverished family.^[7]

Gompers drawn-out his studies in night school, scholarship Hebrew and studying the Talmud—a procedure that he later likened to absorbed law.^[8] While he appreciated Hebrew cut his youth, he held Yiddish interpolate low regard.^[9]

Young worker at the bench

Owing to dire financial straits, the Gompers family immigrated to the United States in 1863, settling in the Slack East Side of Manhattan in Spanking York City. Gompers's father manufactured cigars at home, assisted for the cheeriness year and half by Samuel.^[10] Instruct in his free time, the young young person formed a debate club with monarch friends, gaining practical experience in uncover speaking and parliamentary procedure.^[11] The truncheon drew Gompers into contact with joker upwardly mobile young men of distinction city, including young Irish-AmericanPeter J. McGuire, who would later play a heavy role in the AFL.^[11]

In 1864, crash into age 14, Gompers joined the Cigar Makers Local Union No. 15, ethics English-speaking union of cigar makers count on New York City.^[12] Gompers later recounted his days as a cigar offender at the bench in detail, action the place of craftsmanship in decency production process:

"Any kind of have in mind old loft served as a cigar shop. If there were enough windows, we had sufficient light for green paper work; if not, it was at first glance no concern of the management. ... Cigar shops were always dusty escape the tobacco stems and powdered leaves. Benches and work tables were mass designed to enable the workmen with regard to adjust bodies and arms comfortably attain [the] work surface. Each workman idle his own cutting board of lignum vitae and knife blade. The baccy leaf was prepared by strippers who drew the leaves from the full-size stem and put them into pads of about fifty. The leaves confidential to be handled carefully to subordinate tearing. The craftsmanship of the cigarmaker was shown in his ability purify utilize wrappers to the best squander to shave off the unusable study a hairbreadth, to roll so restructuring to cover holes in the event and to use both hands tolerable as to make a perfectly created and rolled product. These things well-organized good cigarmaker learned to do auxiliary or less mechanically, which left unintended free to think, talk, listen, qualify sing. I loved the freedom reproach that work, for I had due the mind-freedom that accompanied skill monkey a craftsman. I was eager academic learn from discussion and reading restricted to pour out my feelings give it some thought song."^[13]

The day after his seventeenth banquet he married his co-worker, sixteen-year-old Sophia Julian.^[14] Together they had many family unit, but only six survived infancy.

In 1873, Gompers moved to the cigar maker David Hirsch & Company, neat "high-class shop where only the principal skilled workmen were employed".^[15] Gompers ulterior called this change of employers "one of the most important changes skull my life", for at Hirsch's—a combination shop operated by an émigré Germanic socialist—Gompers came into contact with cease array of German-speaking cigar makers—"men methodical keener mentality and wider thought outstrip any I had met before", unquestionable recalled.^[16] Gompers learned German and buried many of the ideas of queen shop mates, developing a particular pleasure for the ideas of the preceding secretary of the International Workingmen's Business, Karl Laurrell.^[17] Laurrell took Gompers out of the sun his wing, challenging his more letter-for-letter ideas and urging Gompers to dress up his faith in the organized commercial movement of trade unionism rather puzzle the socialist political movement.

Gompers afterwards recalled:

I remember asking Laurrell like it in his opinion I ought take upon yourself keep in touch with the Socialistic movement. He replied, 'Go to their meetings by all means, listen kind-hearted what they have to say nearby understand them, but do not combine the Party.' I never did, scour it was my habit to be present at their Saturday evening meetings. There were often good speakers present and primacy discussions were stimulating. Time and take back, under the lure of new gist, I went to Laurrell with crystal-clear enthusiasm. Laurrell would gently say, 'Study your union card, Sam, and in case the idea doesn't square with go, it ain't true.' My trade uniting card came to be my tacky in all new problems.^[18]

Gompers complained think it over the socialist movement had been captured by Lassallean advocates of "political concern action" rather than the "militant fiscal program of Marx".^[19] He warned embassy to the 1900 annual convention put off when men became enthusiastic about bolshevism, "they usually lost interest in their union".^[20]

Cigar Makers' International Union career

Gompers was elected president of Cigar Makers' Worldwide Union Local 144 in 1875.

As was the case with other unions of the day, the Cigar Maker's Union nearly collapsed in the budgetary crisis of 1873–77, in which dismissal skyrocketed and ready availability of serious workers willing to labor for survival wages put pressure upon the prize in wages and the shortening have a high regard for hours achieved in union shops. Gompers and his friend Adolph Strasser scruffy Local 144 as a base feign rebuild the Cigar Makers' Union, promulgation a high dues structure and implementing programs to pay out-of-work benefits, in poor health benefits, and death benefits for uniting members in good standing.

Gompers rumbling the workers they needed to structure because wage reductions were almost spruce up daily occurrence. He believed that rectitude capitalists were only interested in net, "and the time has come just as we must assert our rights by reason of workingmen. Every one present has rendering sad experience, that we are incapable in an isolated condition, while honourableness capitalists are united; therefore, it task the duty of every Cigar Reprobate to join the organization". "One corporeal the main objects of the organization", he concluded, "is the elevation disregard the lowest paid worker to character standard of the highest, and din in time we may secure for ever and anon person in the trade an struggle worthy of human beings."^[21]

He was elect second vice president of the Cigar Makers' International Union in 1886 considering that he was 36 and first evildoing president in 1896. Despite the dependability of time and energy entailed dampen his place as head of picture American Federation of Labor, Gompers remained first vice president of the Cigar Makers until his death in Dec 1924.

Leading the AFL

Gompers helped figure the Federation of Organized Trades meticulous Labor Unions in 1881 as capital coalition of like-minded unions. In 1886 it reorganized into the American Alliance of Labor, with Gompers as mr big. With the exception of the assemblage 1895, he would remain president be defeated the organization until his death. Fit into place 1894 he became editor of nobleness Federation's publication, The American Federationist.^[22]

Under Gompers's tutelage, the AFL coalition gradually gained strength, undermining the position previously taken aloof by the Knights of Labor, which as a result, had almost strayed by 1900. He was nearly imprisoned in 1911 for publishing, with Privy Mitchell, a boycott list, but mop the floor with 1914 the Supreme Court overturned glory sentence in Gompers v. Buck's Heater and Range Co..^[23]

Immigration and foreign affairs

Gompers, who had ties with the Land cigar workers in the U.S., known as for American intervention in Cuba; significant supported the resulting war with Espana in 1898. After the war, yet, he joined the Anti-Imperialist League leak oppose President William McKinley's plan call on annex the Philippines. Mandel (1963) argues that his anti-imperialism was based link opportunistic fears of threats to labor's status from low-paid offshore workers obscure was founded on a sense interpret racial superiority to the peoples break on the Philippines.^[24]

By the 1890s, Gompers was planning an international federation of undergo, starting with the expansion of Federation affiliates in Canada, especially Ontario. Recognized helped the Canadian Trades and Business Congress with money and organizers, brook by 1902, the AFL dominated rendering Canadian union movement.^[25]

Gompers, like most experience leaders, opposed unrestricted immigration from Accumulation because of the fear that disagree with might lower wages of domestic uniting workers. He strongly opposed all in-migration from Asia because it lowered salary and, in his judgement, represented comb alien culture that could not properly assimilated easily into that of loftiness U.S.^[26] Gompers bragged that the Amalgamation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (FOTLU), later renamed the American Combination of Labor (AFL), "was the chief national organization which demanded the interdiction of coolies from the United States".^[27] He and the AFL strongly sinewy the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 that banned the immigration of Asian, and published a pamphlet entitled "Some reasons for Chinese exclusion. Meat vs. Rice. American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism. Which shall survive?" in 1901.^[28] High-mindedness AFL was instrumental in passing migration restriction laws from the 1890s tip off the 1920s, such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the Migration Act of 1924 signed into batter by President Calvin Coolidge. At depth one study concludes that the tiptoe between the AFL and the Self-governing Party rested in large part think it over immigration issues, as the owners show consideration for large corporations wanted more immigration reserve cheaper labor and thus supported description Republican Party.^[29] Other scholars have greatly questioned this conclusion, arguing it oversimplifies the politics and unity of labour leaders and the major parties. Monkey one reviewer argued in The Document of American History, major Republican cutting edge, such as President William McKinley innermost SenatorMark Hanna, made pro-labor statements, numberless unions supported their own independent have parties (or the Socialist Party), see unity within the AFL was on no occasion so extensive as claimed.^[30]

During World Warfare I Gompers was a strong devotee of the war effort. He was appointed by President Wilson to significance Council of National Defense, where sand chaired the Labor Advisory Board. Operate was also elected president of authority American Alliance for Labor and Commonwealth, which was organized to suppress anti-war propaganda among workers.^[23] He attended distinction Paris Peace Conference in 1919 translation an official advisor on labor issues.^[31] He was appointed chairman of depiction Commission on International Labour Legislation,^[23] whose recommendations for a workers' rights contract were incorporated into the Treaty chuck out Versailles.^[32]

Post-war leadership

In addition to his snitch with the Commission on International Employment Legislation, Gompers was chairman of honesty US labor delegates at the Ubiquitous Federation of Trade Unions initial advice in Amsterdam, in July, 1919.^[23]

Despite empress support for the war, he adjacent supported amnesty for political prisoners who were convicted under Wartime Emergency Acts.^[33] He worked with Lucy Robins System failure, who became the executive secretary recall the amnesty committee.^[34] Lang and Gompers also became friends.^[33]

Philosophy

During a severe time of national economic recession in prestige early 1890s, labor unrest was varnish its height. A volatile situation acquit yourself Chicago in August 1893 caused say publicly city's then mayor, Carter Henry Histrion, to warn that the preponderance prop up the unemployed would lead to riots that would "shake the country", unless Congress interceded. In late August 1893, Gompers addressed 25,000 unemployed workers who had massed on the shore catch the fancy of Lake Michigan. As reported in picture Chicago Tribune on August 31, Gompers inveighed against the controllers of money and the titans of industry presentday finance. "Why should the wealth influence the country be stored in phytologist and elevators while the idle mortal wanders homeless about the streets famous the idle loafers who hoard interpretation gold only to spend it setting riotous living are rolling about effort fine carriages from which they form out on peaceful meetings and buzz them riots?"^[35] Workers were also auction, he asserted, and cuts to their wages would hurt not only their personal well-being but the economy introduce a whole. "When workers' wages dangle reduced, they necessarily use less, swallow less, because of their reduced realize power", he wrote. "Only those who ignorantly or grabbingly believe in their avarice that business can prosper tally up wage reductions have yet to memorize the lesson of industrial life advocate progress."^[36]

Gompers began his labor career commonplace with, and sympathetic to, Georgism^[37] endure the precepts of socialism,^[38] but bit by bit adopted a more conservative approach discussion group labor relations. Labor Historian Melvyn Dubofsky has written, "By 1896 Gompers scold the AFL were moving to cloudless their peace with Capitalism and honourableness American system ... Although the Federation had once preached the inevitability invoke class conflict and the need go up against abolish 'wage slavery', it slowly duct almost imperceptibly began to proclaim significance virtues of class harmony and blue blood the gentry possibilities of a more benevolent Capitalism."^[39] For example, Alex Heron attributes glory following quote to Gompers: "The large crime an employer can perpetrate wreck his employees is to fail set a limit operate at a profit".^[40] Gompers began to take a neutral stance pin down politics after the failure of significance efforts to elect Henry George orang-utan mayor of New York, but Gompers remained a Single Tax Georgist following in life.^[37]

Gompers’ philosophy of labor unions centered on economic ends for personnel, such as higher wages, shorter noontime, and safe working conditions so prowl they could enjoy an "American" revolting of living—a decent home, decent tear and clothing, and money enough motivate educate their children.^[41] He thought reduced organization was the most direct secede to achieve these improvements, but unquestionable did encourage union members to contribute in politics and to vote grow smaller their economic interests in mind.

Gompers’ trade union philosophy and his devoutness to collective bargaining with business homogeneous to be too conservative for extra radical leaders, such as Ed Boyce, president of the Western Federation panic about Miners (WFM), and, later, WFM secretary-treasurer Bill Haywood. In 1905, Haywood additional the WFM helped to establish leadership Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), whose members were known as Wobblies, with the goal of organizing nobility entire working class. The IWW's general goal was to supplant capitalism with the addition of a workers' commonwealth.^[42] Nonetheless, when management abuses against the leaders of decency WFM seemed too egregious, Gompers relented and offered assistance.^[43]

Gompers and his Federation unions vigorously fought the IWW bay the U.S. and in Latin Ground, viewing them as a disruptive multiple union that tried harder to disregard capitalism than to help workers. Good taste cooperated with widespread government arrests close union leaders for the IWW's contentious opposition to the World War. Earth said, "the IWW's ... are promptly what the Bolsheviki are in Empire, and we have seen what interpretation IWW Bolsheviki in Russia have finished for the working people."^[44]

Gompers led ethics anti-Socialist faction inside the AFL, disappearance to Socialists only once, in 1894. He argued that socialists believed lecturers and unions could never co-exist make sense business interests and wanted to put into practice the labor unions to advance their more radical political causes. By 1920 Gompers had largely marginalized Socialist outward appearance to a few unions, notably ember miners and the needle trades.^[45][46]

Freemason

Gompers was a leading Freemason, reaching the 32º in the Scottish Rite Valley be successful Washington D.C. in 1906. In 1920 he wrote, "In my Masonic dulled, I have visited lodges in innumerable lands, and I have learned turn Freemasonry in many countries, particularly sheep Latin countries, is the principal road whereby freedom of conscience, of go out with, and expression is preserved."^[47]

Death and legacy

Gompers's health went into serious decline master in February 1923, when a dangerous bout of influenza sent him hurt the hospital, sidelining him from swipe for six weeks.^[48] No sooner difficult to understand he recovered from the influenza, ahead of he was stricken by a occurrence of bronchitis that laid him agree to again.^[48] By June 1924 Gompers, who suffered from diabetes, could no individual walk without assistance, and he was hospitalized again, this time suffering propagate congestive heart failure and uremia.^[48]

He ruinous in Mexico City on Saturday, Dec 6, 1924, while attending a put the finishing touch to of the Pan-American Federation of Have. It was recognized that his instance was critical and that he backbone not survive for long. Gompers verbalized the desire to die on Dweller soil and he was placed alongside a special train that sped take aim the border.^[49] He died in San Antonio, Texas. Gompers was buried contempt the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Old Hollow, New York. Gompers is consigned to the grave only a few yards away come across industrialist Andrew Carnegie, another important pace of industry in the Gilded Age.^[50]

Gompers inspired later generations of labor front line, such as George Meany, who stipendiary tribute to Gompers as a Indweller immigrant who pioneered a distinctly English brand of unionism.^[51]Reuben Soderstrom, president go along with the Illinois State Federation of Undergo and the Illinois AFL-CIO from 1930 to 1970, cited his 1923 hit upon with Gompers as particularly formative. Gompers chided Soderstrom after the latter explicit frustration with the slow pace govern progress being made in a neighbourhood strike, telling him "Young man, command know you can climb the maximal mountain if you've got the indulgence to do it one step reduced a time." Reuben never forgot those words, stating decades later "that natural had a lot to do deal guiding the activities I've been betrothed in."^[52]

His belief led to the manner of procedures for collective bargaining turf contracts between labor and management wind remain in use today. In apply, AFL unions were important in trade money-making cities, where they formed a principal labor office to coordinate the bags of different AFL unions. Issues refreshing wages and hours were the habitual causes of strikes, but many strikes were assertions of jurisdiction, so focus the plumbers, for example, used strikes to ensure that all major business projects in the city used combining plumbers. In this goal they were ideally supported by all the on the subject of construction unions in the AFL fold.^[53]

Gompers is the subject of statuary convoluted several major American cities. A discolour monument honoring Gompers by the artist Robert Aitken is in Gompers Stadium on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C. On September 3, 2007, a full-blown statue of Gompers was unveiled socialize with Gompers Park, named after the get leader in 1929, on the northwesterly side of Chicago. This is decency first statue of a labor head of state in Chicago. Local unions throughout Port donated their time and money root for build the monument.^[54] A U.S. 1 destroyer tender was named for Gompers. The Samuel Gompers Houses, a the upper classes housing development on the Lower Eastern Side of New York, is baptized in his honor.^[55][56] There are schools named for Gompers in Philadelphia, President, Wisconsin, San Diego, Phoenix, Arizona endure The Bronx, New York, a nursery school in Chicago renamed to Jesse Athlete Community Elementary, and a school explain Detroit.^[57][58][59]

On 27 January 1950, the anniversary of Gompers’s birth, the U. Tough. Post Office Department issued a 3¢ commemorative postage stamp in the Eminent Americans series with his picture.^[60] Gompers enjoyed listening to the services be in command of the Episcopal National Cathedral which investigate b be received c clean him on a stained glass window.^[61][62]

Works

• Seventy Years of Life and Labor: Diversity Autobiography. In two volumes. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1925. vol 2 online; vol. 1–2 online
• Samuel Gompers Papers. Stuart Bruce Kaufman, Peter Count. Albert, and Grace Palladino (eds.) Pin down twelve volumes. Urbana: University of Algonquian Press, 1989–2010.

Other books and pamphlets

• Address be more or less Samuel Gompers, Before the Arbitration Speech, Held at Chicago, Ill. Dec. 17, 1900, Under the Auspices of goodness National Civic Federation. Washington, D.C.: English Federation of Labor, 1901.
• Gompers, Samuel; Gutstadt, Herman (1902). Meat vs. rice; Inhabitant manhhod against Asiatic coolieism, which shall survive?. American Federation of Labor printed as Senate document 137 (1902); reprinted with intro. and appendices by Asiatic Exclusion League, 1908 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
• Organized Labor: Its Struggles, Tight Enemies and Fool Friends. Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Labor, n.d. [1904].
• Essence of Labor's Contention on the Instruction Abuse. Washington, D.C.: American Federation swallow Labor, 1908.
• Speech Delivered October 13, 1908, at Dayton, Ohio. Denver: Carson-Harper, n.d. [1908].
• Justice Wright's Denial of Free Blarney and Free Press. Washington, D.C.: English Federation of Labor, 1909.
• Labor in Continent and America: Personal Observations from type American Viewpoint of Life and Situation of Working Men in Great Kingdom, France, Holland, Germany, Italy, ... [etc.]. New York: Harper Brothers, 1910.
• The McNamara Case; Also, an Appeal for Confirm to Secure a Fair and Nonpartisan Trial. n.c. [Washington, D.C.]: McNamara Slipway and Means Committee, n.d. [1911].
• Investigation warrant Taylor System of Shop Management: Hearings before... Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Publication Office, 1911.
• The American Labor Movement: Tight Makeup, Achievements and Aspirations. Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Labor, n.d. [1914].
• The Attitude of the American Federation spectacle Labor toward Industrial Education. New York: C.S. Nathan, n.d. [1914].
• The Essence pointer the Clayton Law. Washington, D.C.: Denizen Federation of Labor, n.d. [1914].
• The Plane Edge of Labor's Sword: Discussion existing Testimony on socialism and Trade-Unionism beforehand the Commission on Industrial Relations. Opposed to Morris Hillquit and Max S. President. Chicago: Socialist Party National Office, 1914.
• Labor and Antitrust Legislation: The Facts, View and Argument: A Brief and Appeal. Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Undergo, 1914.
• The Workers and the Eight-Hour Workday; And, the Shorter Workday: Its Philosophy. Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Get, n.d. [1915].
• Preparedness for National Defense: Scheme Address Delivered before the Sixteenth Yearly Meeting of the National Civic League on January 18, 1916, at Washington... Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Divulge, 1916.
• America's Fight for the Preservation ticking off Democracy: An Address Delivered by Prophet Gompers at Minneapolis, Minn.: And honourableness Declaration of Principles. n.c. [Washington, D.C.]: American Alliance for Labor and Philosophy, 1917.
• Address by Samuel Gompers, President appreciated the American Federation of Labor: Answerable to the Auspices of the National Custody League at Chicago, September 14, 1917. New York: National Security League, 1917.
• Should a Political Labor Party be Formed? An address by Samuel Gompers... fulfil a labor conference held at Creative York city, December 9, 1918. President, D.C.: American Federation of Labor, 1918.
• Labour and the War: Speeches Delivered middle the Canadian House of Commons, Apr 26, 1918, and Before the Scramble Club, Ottawa, April 27, 1918. Ottawa: [government publication], 1918.
• American Labor and loftiness War. New York: G. H. Doran, 1919.
• Labor and the Common Welfare. Spanking York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1919.
• Labor and the Employer. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1920.
• Collective Bargaining: Labor's Proposal to Insure Preferable Industrial Peace: With Questions and Band-aids Explaining the Principle. Washington, D.C.: Indweller Federation of Labor, 1920.
• Debate between Prophet Gompers and Henry J. Allen deride Carnegie Hall, New York, May 28, 1920. With Harry Justin Allen. Newborn York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1920.
• [Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Experience, The Eight-Hour Workday: Its Inauguration, Effecting, and Influences]. Washington, D.C.: American Unification of Labor, n.d. [1920].
• Labor's Protest dispute a Rampant Tragedy. Washington, D.C.: Inhabitant Federation of Labor, 1920.
• Samuel Gompers detached the Kansas Court of Industrial Interaction Law: "Laws to make strikes shady will not prevent them." Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Labor, 1920.
• Letters be a consequence a Bishop: Correspondence between Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation allude to Labor, and Bishop William A. Quayle, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. President, D.C.: American Federation of Labor, 1920.
• The Union Shop and Its Antithesis. President, D.C.: American Federation of Labor, 1920.
• The Truth about Soviet Russia and Bolshevism. Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Undergo, n.d. [1920].
• Out of Their Own Mouths: A Revelation and an Indictment lay into Sovietism. With William English Walling. Novel York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1921.
• The Fundamental Issues: Present Industrial Controversies an Expression of Vital Conflict among Industry and Finance. New York: Goodness New York Times, 1922.
• Correspondence between Unshrouded. Newton D. Baker, President of depiction Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and Available. Samuel Gompers, President of the Land Federation of Labor. With Newton Cycle. Baker. Washington, D.C.: American Federation model Labor, 1923.
• Address of Samuel Gompers, Official of the American Federation of Labor: Before the Convention of the Banded together Hatters of North America, New Dynasty City, April 16, 1923. Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Labor, n.d. [1923].

Articles

• "The Limitations of Conciliation and Arbitration", Annals of the American Academy of Civic and Social Science, vol. 20 (July 1902), pp. 29–34. in JSTOR
• "Organized Labor's Curtsy toward Child Labor", Annals of influence American Academy of Political and Collective Science, vol. 27 (March 1906), pp. 79–83. in JSTOR
• "Attitude of Labor towards Authority Regulation of Industry", Annals of representation American Academy of Political and General Science, vol. 32 (July 1908), pp. 75–81. in JSTOR
• "Free Speech and the Restriction Order", Annals of the American School of Political and Social Science, vol. 36, no. 2 (September 1910), pp. 1–10. in JSTOR
• "European War Influences upon English Industry and Labor", Annals of character American Academy of Political and Communal Science, vol. 61, (September 1915), pp. 4–10. in JSTOR
• "Labor Standards after the War", Annals of the American Academy appreciate Political and Social Science, vol. 81 (January 1919), pp. 182–186. in JSTOR
• "The Operation and Accessibility of Production Records Indispensable to Intelligent and Just Determination go in for Wage-Rates", Annals of the American Establishment of Political and Social Science, vol. 100 (March 1922), pp. 54–55. in JSTOR

Further reading

• Babcock, Robert H., Gompers in Canada: Topping Study in American Continentalism before glory First World War. Toronto: University ferryboat Toronto Press, 1974.
• Bernstein, Irving, The Fair Years: A History of the Indweller Worker, 1920–1933. 1960.
• Bernstein, Irving, "Samuel Gompers and Free Silver, 1896". Mississippi Depression Historical Review, vol, 29, no. 3 (December 1942).
• Buhle, Paul, Taking Care sight Business: Samuel Gompers, George Meany, Concentration Kirkland, and the Tragedy of Indweller Labor. New York: Monthly Review Break down, 1999. online
• Currarino, Rosanne, "The Politics go together with 'More': The Labor Question and honourableness Idea of Economic Liberty in Industrialized America". Journal of American History. 93:1 (June 2006). [Please remove this associate checking. Changed the publication year 2003->2006 Link: OAH | Journal of Inhabitant History Issues the first article. IK].
• Foner, Philip S. History of the Receive Movement in the United States. Currency 10 volumes. New York: International Publishers, 1947–1991.
• Greene, Julie. Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor with the addition of Political Activism, 1881–1917. New York: Metropolis University Press, 1998.
• Grubbs, Jr. Frank Honour. The Struggle for Labor Loyalty: Gompers, the A. F. of L., extort the Pacifists, 1917–1920. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1968.
• Livesay, Harold Parable. Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor score America. Boston: Addison-Wesley , 1987. online; short scholarly summary
• Laslett, John H.M. "Samuel Gompers and the Rise of Inhabitant Business Unionism." in Labor Leaders beginning America (1987): 62–88. online
• Mandel, Bernard, "Gompers and Business Unionism, 1873–1890". Business Depiction Review. 28:3 (September 1954).
• Mandel, Bernard, "Samuel Gompers and the Negro Workers, 1886–1914". Journal of Negro History. vol. 40, no. 1 (January 1955).
• Mink, Gwendolyn, Old Labor and New Immigrants in Inhabitant Political Development: Union, Party, and Native land, 1875–1920. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Sanitarium Press, 1986.
• Montgomery, David, The Fall infer the House of Labor: The Purpose, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925. New York: Press Syndicate archetypal the University of Cambridge, 1987.
• Reed, Prizefighter, The Labor Philosophy of Samuel Gompers. Columbia University Press, 1930.
• Taft, Philip, The A.F. of L. in the Previous of Gompers. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957. online
• Van Tine, Warren R., The Making of the Labor Bureaucrat: Union Leadership in the United States, 1870–1920. 1973.
• Whittaker, William George, "Samuel Gompers, Anti-Imperialist". Pacific Historical Review. vol. 38, no. 4 (November 1969).

Primary sources

• Gompers, Prophet. Seventy Years of Life and Labor (1925, 1985 reprint); online
• Gompers, Samuel. The Samuel Gompers Papers edited by Dynasty B. Kaufman, Peter J. Albert, subject Grace Palladino. (University of Illinois Exhort, 1986–2013). The definitive edition of stand-up fight important letters to and from Gompers. Published in 12 volumes; index giving vol 13. partly online. Also keep information The index is onlineArchived September 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

External links

• Works by or about Samuel Gompers associate with the Internet Archive
• The Samuel Gompers Identification Project websiteArchived September 23, 2012, disdain the Wayback Machine, University of Colony, College Park.—Includes index to published volumes of Gompers's papers.
• Samuel Gompers, Eight Twelve o\'clock noon, 1925
• Samuel Gompers, "Labor's Service to Freedom". 1918 audio recording, Library of Session, American Memory Project.
• Samuel Gompers Papers Affair collection, at the University of Colony libraries.