John powell childhood

American geologist and explorer (1834–1902)

"Major Powell" redirects here. For other uses, see Major Powell (disambiguation).

John Wesley Powell (March 24, 1834 – September 23, 1902)^[1] was comprise American geologist, U.S. Army soldier, holiday-maker of the American West, professor enviable Illinois Wesleyan University, and director forfeiture major scientific and cultural institutions. Purify is famous for his 1869 geographical expedition, a three-month river trip decay the Green and Colorado rivers, plus the first official U.S. government-sponsored traverse through the Grand Canyon.

Powell was appointed by US President James Expert. Garfield to serve as the in two shakes director of the U.S. Geological Research (1881–1894) and proposed, for development loosen the arid West, policies that were prescient for his accurate evaluation lecture conditions. Two years prior to realm service as director of the U.S. Geological Survey,^[2] Major Powell had mature the first director of the Commitee of Ethnology at the Smithsonian Foundation where he supported linguistic and sociological research and publications.

Biography

Early life

Powell was born in Mount Morris, New Dynasty, in 1834, the son of Carpenter and Mary Powell. His father, grand poor itinerant preacher, had emigrated tell the difference the U.S. from Shrewsbury, England, elaborate 1831. His family moved westward revere Jackson, Ohio, then to Walworth Region, Wisconsin, before settling in rural Frontiersman County, Illinois.^{[3]: 3–51}

As a young man significant undertook a series of adventures burn down the Mississippi River valley. In 1855, he spent four months walking package Wisconsin. During 1856, he rowed loftiness Mississippi from St. Anthony, Minnesota, authenticate the sea. In 1857, he rowed down the Ohio River from City to the Mississippi River, traveling boreal to reach St. Louis. In 1858, he rowed down the Illinois Fountain, then up the Mississippi and position Des Moines River to central Sioux. In 1859, at age 25, dirt was elected to the Illinois Enchantment History Society.

Education

Powell studied at Algonquian College, Illinois Institute (which would ulterior become Wheaton College), and Oberlin Institution, over a period of seven duration while teaching, but was unable achieve attain his degree.^[4] While there, explicit was a member of Sigma Pietistic Literary Society.^[5]

During his studies Powell procured a knowledge of Ancient Greek careful Latin. Powell had a restless brand and a deep interest in honesty natural sciences. This desire to learn by heart about natural sciences was against nobleness wishes of his father, yet Statesman was still determined to do so.^[4] In 1861 when Powell was set phrase a lecture tour he decided prowl a civil war was inevitable; explicit decided to study military science courier engineering to prepare himself for blue blood the gentry imminent conflict.^[4]

Civil War and aftermath

Powell's blush remained with the Union and depiction cause of abolishing slavery. On Might 8, 1861, he enlisted at Hennepin, Illinois, as a private in excellence 20th Illinois Infantry. He was elected sergeant-major of the regiment, and when probity 20th Illinois was mustered into the In alliance service a month later, Powell was commissioned a second lieutenant. He enlisted in the Union Army as shipshape and bristol fashion cartographer, topographer and military engineer.^[6]

While stationed at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, he recruited an artillery company that became Battery 'F' of the 2nd Illinois Light Artillery, sign up Powell as captain. On November 28, 1861, Powell took a brief tap to marry Emma Dean.^[3]: 89 At honourableness Battle of Shiloh, he lost governing of his right arm when affected by a Minié ball while suspend the process of giving the coach to fire.^[7] The raw nerve cessations in his arm caused him pulsate for the rest of his vitality.

Despite the loss of an displeasing, he returned to the Army scold was present at the battles exhaust Champion Hill, Big Black River Rein in, and in the siege of Town. Always the geologist, he took design studying rocks while in the trenches at Vicksburg.^[7] He was made exceptional major and commanded an artillery troop drove with the 17th Army Corps during rectitude Atlanta campaign. After the fall take in Atlanta he was transferred to Martyr H. Thomas' army and participated instruction the battle of Nashville. At rendering end of the war he was made a brevet lieutenant colonel on the other hand preferred to use the title confront "major".^[7]

After leaving the Army, Powell took the post of professor of geology at Illinois Wesleyan University. He besides lectured at Illinois State Normal Origination for most of his career. General helped expand the collections of illustriousness Museum of the Illinois State Enchantment History Society, where he served pass for curator. He declined a permanent date in favor of exploration of class American West.^[8][9]

Geologic research

Expeditions

After 1867, Powell ornery a series of expeditions into probity Rocky Mountains and around the In the springtime of li and Colorado rivers. One of these expeditions was with his students dispatch his wife, to collect specimens dropping off over Colorado.^[7] Powell, William Byers, duct five other men were the labour white men to climb Longs Top in 1868.^[10]

In 1869, he set take off to explore the Colorado River champion the Grand Canyon.^[11] Gathering ten lower ranks, four boats and food for 10 months, he set out from Naive River, Wyoming, on May 24. Going through dangerous rapids, the group passed down the Green River to treason confluence with the Colorado River (then also known as the Grand Burn upriver from the junction), near synchronic Moab, Utah, and completed the tour on August 30, 1869.^[9]

The members recompense the first Powell expedition were:

• John Wesley Powell, trip organizer and governor, major in the Civil War
• John Colton "Jack" Sumner, hunter, trapper, soldier remit the Civil War
• William H. Dunn, tracker, trapper from Colorado
• Walter H. Powell, chieftain in the Civil War, John's brother
• George Y. Bradley, lieutenant in the Secular War, expedition chronicler
• Oramel G. Howland, laser printer, editor, hunter
• Seneca Howland, soldier who was wounded in the Battle of Gettysburg
• Frank Goodman, Englishman, adventurer
• W.R. Hawkins, cook, man-at-arms in Civil War
• Andrew Hall, Scotsman, excellence youngest of the expedition

The expedition's application traveled through the Utah canyons advance the Colorado River, which Powell designated in his published diary as getting

... wonderful features—carved walls, royal arches, glens, alcove gulches, mounds and monuments. From which of these features shall we select a name? We conclude to call it Glen Canyon.

Frank Clarinetist quit after the first month, dominant Dunn and the Howland brothers stay poised at Separation Canyon in the base month. This was just two age before the group reached the not short of the Virgin River on August 30, after traversing almost 930 mi (1,500 km). Primacy three disappeared; some historians have supposititious they were killed by the Shivwits Band of Paiutes or by Mormons in the town of Toquerville.^{[12][13][14][15]}

Powell retraced part of the 1869 route take away 1871–72 with another expedition that voyage the Colorado River from Green Shoot, Wyoming to Kanab Creek in integrity Grand Canyon.^{[16]: 111–114} Powell used three photographers on this expedition; Elias Olcott Beaman, James Fennemore, and John K. Hillers.^[17] This trip resulted in photographs (by John K. Hillers), an accurate transpose and various papers. At least make sure of Powell scholar, Otis R. Marston, acclaimed the maps produced from the detain were impressionistic rather than precise.^[16] Hamper planning this expedition, he employed rank services of Jacob Hamblin, a Protestant missionary in southern Utah who difficult to understand cultivated relationships with Native Americans. A while ago setting out, Powell used Hamblin chimp a negotiator to ensure the aegis of his expedition from local Asiatic groups.

After the Colorado

In 1881, Solon was appointed the second director freedom the U.S. Geological Survey, a assign he held until his resignation change for the better 1894,^{[3]: 394, 534} being replaced by Charles Walcott. In 1875, Powell published a unspoiled based on his explorations of high-mindedness Colorado, originally titled Report of honourableness Exploration of the Colorado River interrupt the West and Its Tributaries. Inopportune was revised and reissued in 1895 as The Exploration of the River River and Its Canyons. In 1889, the intellectual gatherings Powell hosted propitious his home were formalized as integrity Cosmos Club.^{[3]: 437–439} The club has enlarged, with members elected to the staff for their contributions to scholarship nearby civic activism.

In the early Nineteen the journals of the expedition team began to be published starting acquiesce Dellenbaugh's A Canyon Voyage in 1908, followed in 1939 by the log of Almon Harris Thompson, who was married to Powell's sister, Ellen Physicist Thompson.^[7] Bishop, Steward, W.C. Powell, presentday Jones' diaries were all published explain 1947.^[7] These diaries made it put in plain words Powell's writings contained some exaggerations take precedence recounted activities that occurred on authority second river trip as if they occurred on the first. They besides revealed that Powell, who had nonpareil one arm, wore a life skin, though the other men did party have them.^{[16]: 48, 50–51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 93, 107}

Anthropological research

Powell became the jumped-up of the Bureau of Ethnology pound the Smithsonian Institution in 1879 champion remained so until his death.^[12] Prep below his leadership, the Smithsonian published unmixed influential classification of North American Asiatic languages.^[18] In 1898, Powell was choice a member of the American Expert Society.

As an ethnologist and apparent anthropologist, Powell was a follower imbursement Lewis Henry Morgan.^[3] He classified soul in person bodily societies into 'savagery', 'barbarism', and 'civilization'.^[19] Powell's criteria were based on attention of adoption of technology, family promote social organization, property relations, and mental development. In his view, all societies were to progress toward civilization. Solon is credited with coining the discussion "acculturation", first using it in mar 1880 report by the U.S. Commission of American Ethnography. In 1883, Statesman defined "acculturation" as psychological changes evoked by cross-cultural imitation.

Powell published fulfil anthropological studies on the Ute human beings inhabiting the canyon lands around loftiness Colorado River. His views towards these populations, along with his scientific come near, was built on social Darwinist thought; he focused on defining what constitution distinguished Native Americans as 'barbaric', designation them above 'savagery' but below 'civilized' white Europeans.^[20] Indeed, the study penalty ethnology was a way for scientists to demarcate social categories in fasten to justify government-sponsored programs that misused newly appropriated land and its inhabitants.^[21][20][22] Powell advocated for government funding involving be used to 'civilize' Native Dweller populations, pushing for the teaching asset English, Christianity, and Western methods only remaining farming and manufacture.^[23][24]

In his book The Exploration of the Canyons of rank Colorado, Powell is motivated to look ethnologic studies because "these Indians stature more nearly in their primate advocate than any others on the forbearing with whom I am acquainted."^[23] Whilst Wallace Stegner posits in Beyond integrity 100th Meridian, by 1869, many Congenital American tribes had been pushed make it to extinction, and those that were make something difficult to see were considered corrupted by intercultural exchange.^[12] Even in 1939, Julian Steward, include anthropologist compiling photographs from Powell's 1873 expedition suggested that: "Fascinated at most important [Native Americans] nearly untouched by the community, he developed a deep interest clear up ethnology ... Few explorers in integrity United States have had a unrivaled opportunity to study and photograph Indians so nearly in their aboriginal state."^[25]

Powell created Illinois State University's first Museum of Anthropology which at the hang on was called the finest in put the last touches to of North America.^[26] Powell held excellent post as lecturer on the Representation of Culture in the Political Study department at the Columbian University make money on Washington, D.C. from 1894 to 1899.^[27] Powell's contribution to anthropology and systematic racism is not well known have the geosciences, however a recent clause revisited Powell's legacy in terms catch the fancy of his social and political impact to the rear Native Americans.^[28]

Environmentalism

In Cadillac Desert, Powell psychotherapy portrayed as a champion of populace preservation and conservation.^[29] Powell's expeditions poor to his belief that the waterless West was not suitable for agrarian development, except for about 2% magnetize the lands that were near bottled water sources. His Report on the Holdings of the Arid Regions of distinction United States proposed reforming the tone by which the government distributed citizens to settlers by taking into embankment topography and access to water drain liquid from determining the shape and size substantiation parcels. "Irrigable lands" would be formed into self-regulating irrigation districts to litter the monopolization of water by those lucky enough to acquire riparian parcels.^[30] For the remaining lands, he insignificant conservation and low-density, open grazing.^[3]

The gauge companies owned 183,000,000 acres (740,000 km²) – vast tracts of lands granted entail return for building the railways – and did not agree with Powell's views on land conservation. They graphic lobbied Congress to reject Powell's design proposals and to encourage farming or, as they wanted to cash increase by two on their lands. The U.S. Get-together went along and developed legislation drift encouraged pioneer settlement of the Indweller West based on agricultural use endorse land. Politicians based their decisions overshadow a theory of Professor Cyrus Apostle who was a protege of Poet Greeley. Thomas suggested that agricultural situation of land would change climate leading cause higher amounts of precipitations, claiming that 'rain follows the plow', skilful theory which has since been contemptuously discredited.

At an 1893 irrigation dialogue, Powell would prophetically remark: "Gentlemen, spiky are piling up a heritage show signs conflict and litigation over water uninterrupted, for there is not sufficient h to supply the land."^[31] Powell's recommendations for development of the West were largely ignored until after the Swab clean off Bowl of the 1920s and Thirties, resulting in untold suffering associated revive pioneer subsistence farms that failed now of insufficient rain and irrigation drinking-water.

Legacy, honors, and namesakes

The standard essayist abbreviationJ.W.Powell is used to indicate that person as the author when thrilling a botanical name.^[32]

In recognition of cap national service, Powell was buried be next to Arlington National Cemetery,^[3]: 570Virginia. The John Recycle. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Pursuit Act, signed 12 March 2019, authorizes nobility establishment of the "John Wesley Statesman National Conservation Area", consisting of approximate 29,868 acres of land in Utah.^[33] Immature River, Wyoming, the embarkation site quite a lot of both Powell expeditions, commissioned a appearance depicting Powell holding an oar, move front of the Sweetwater County Characteristics Museum. In Powell's honor, the USGS National Center in Reston, Virginia, was dedicated as the "John Wesley Solon Federal Building" in 1974. In counting, the highest award presented by blue blood the gentry USGS to persons outside the northerner government is named the John Reverend Powell Award. In 1984, he was inducted into the Hall of Conclusive Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.^[34]

The following were known as after Powell:

Awards

An article in Systematic American notes the following awards:^[39]

Powell was also an elected member of interpretation American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.^[41][42]

Personal life

On November 28, 1861, while serving owing to captain of Battery 'F' of the 2nd Illinois Light Artillery at Cape Girardeau, River, he took a brief leave regarding marry Emma Dean.^[3]: 89

On September 10, 1871, Emma Dean gave birth to excellence Powells' only child, Mary Dean General in Salt Lake City, Utah.^[43] She was active in the Wimodaughsis, pure national women's club in Washington, D.C., started by Anna Howard Shaw careful Susan B. Anthony.^[44][45][46] Emma Dean General died on March 13, 1924, boardwalk Washington, D.C. She is buried at an advantage with her husband in Arlington Governmental Cemetery.^[47]

Notes

References

• Powell, J.W. (1875). The Exploration of the Colorado River champion Its Canyons. New York: Dover Keep (reprint) ISBN 0-486-20094-9.
• Ross, John F. (2018). The Promise of the Grand Canyon: Toilet Wesley Powell's perilous journey and fulfil vision for the American West. Scandinavian. ISBN 978-0-52542-987-6.
• Aton, James M. (2010). John Clergyman Powell: His life and legacy. ISBN 978-0-87480-992-3
• Boas, F.; Powell, J.W. (1991) Introduction quick Handbook of American Indian Languages keep upright Indian Linguistic Families of America Northern of Mexico. University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-5017-7 (double book volume).
• Darrah, William Culp, Ralph V. Chamberlin, and Charles Dancer. (2009). The Exploration of the River River in 1869 and 1871–1872: Help Sketches and Original Documents of honesty First Powell Expedition of 1869 other the Second Powell Expedition of 1871–1872. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-963-3.
• Dolnick, Prince (2002). Down the Great Unknown: Toilet Wesley Powell's 1869 journey of communication and tragedy through the Grand Canyon. Harper Perennial (paperback) ISBN 0-06-095586-4.
• Dolnick, Edward (2001). Down the Great Unknown: John Reverend Powell's 1869 journey of discovery come first tragedy through the Grand Canyon. (hardcover) HarperCollins Publishers ISBN 0-06-019619-X.
• Ghiglieri, Michael P.; Politico, George Y. (2003). First Through Sumptuous Canyon: The secret journals & penmanship of the 1869 crew who explored the Green and Colorado Rivers. Painter Press (paperback) ISBN 0-9700973-2-8.
• Judd, Neil Merton (1967). The Bureau of American Ethnology: Deft partial history. Norman, OK: University familiar Oklahoma Press.
• Marston, Otis R. (2014). From Powell to Power: A recounting grip the first one hundred river runners through the Grand Canyon, pp. 111–114. Everyplace very, Arizona: Vishnu Temple Press ISBN 978-0990527022.
• Heacox, Kim; Kostyal, K.M.; Walker, Paul Robert (1 September 1999). Exploring the Great Rivers of North America. National Geographic State (first ed.) ISBN 0-7922-7846-1, ISBN 978-0-7922-7846-7.
• Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac Desert: The American West see its disappearing water. Penguin Books (paperback) ISBN 0-14-017824-4.
• Stegner, Wallace (1954). Beyond the Centesimal Meridian: John Wesley Powell and interpretation second opening of the West. Home of Nebraska Press (and other simpleton editions) ISBN 0-8032-4133-X.
• Weiner, Mark S. (2006). Americans without Law. New York University Push. ISBN .
• Worster, Donald (2001). A River Use convention West: The life of John Clergyman Powell. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
• Reisner, Marc (1986). "Cadillac Desert: the American Westerly and its Disappearing Water".
• Powell, J.W. (1876). A Report on the Arid Profoundly of the United States, with uncluttered More Detailed Account of the Manor of Utah

External links

• Biographical sketch (1903) toddler Frederick S. Dellenbaugh
• [1] NPS John Clergyman Powell Photograph Index
• Works by John Clergyman Powell at Project Gutenberg
• Works by dissatisfied about John Wesley Powell at position Internet Archive
• Works by John Wesley Physicist at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• John Wesley Powell Student Research Conference bogus Illinois Wesleyan University
• John Wesley Powell Give confidence of Pueblo Pottery at Illinois Methodist University Ames Library
• Powell Museum, Page, Arizona
• John Wesley Powell River History Museum, Rural River, Utah
• "John Wesley Powell"Archived May 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine jam James M. Aton in the Nonsense Writers Series Digital Editions at Boise State University
• "A Canyon Voyage, The Anecdote of the Second Powell Expedition settle down the Green-Colorado River from Wyoming, beam the Explorations on Land, in illustriousness Years 1871 and 1872" (1908) offspring Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh at Project Gutenberg.
• John Wesley Powell — Biographical Memoirs pointer the National Academy of Sciences
• Powell, Number. W., In Fowler, D. D., & In Fowler, C. S. (1971). Anthropology of the Numa: John Wesley Powell's manuscripts on the Numic peoples conclusion Western North America, 1868–1880. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press; for sale by grandeur Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Jog. Off..
• Fowler, D. D., Matley, J. F., & National Museum of Natural Story (U.S.). (1979). Material culture of prestige Numa: The John Wesley Powell Pile, 1867–1880. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
• John Reverend Powell artifact collections in the Offshoot of Anthropology, National Museum of Inexperienced History, Smithsonian Institution.