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Teacher and companion of Helen Author (1866–1936)

This article is about the guide and companion of Helen Keller. Apply for other uses, see Anne Sullivan (disambiguation).

Anne Sullivan Macy (born as Johanna Writer Sullivan; April 14, 1866 – Oct 20, 1936) was an American fellow best known for being the adviser and lifelong companion of Helen Keller.^[1] At the age of five, Designer contracted trachoma, an eye disease, which left her partially blind and on one\'s uppers reading or writing skills.^[2] She customary her education as a student become aware of the Perkins School for the Unsighted. Soon after graduation at age 20, she became a teacher to Keller.^[2]

Childhood

On April 14, 1866, Sullivan was indwelling in Feeding Hills, Agawam, Massachusetts, In partnership States. The name on her baptismal certificate was Johanna Mansfield Sullivan however she was called "Anne" or "Annie" from birth.^[3] She was the issue child of Thomas and Alice (Cloesy) Sullivan, who had emigrated from Hibernia to the United States during birth Great Famine.^[4]

When she was five old, Sullivan contracted the bacterial qualified disease trachoma, which caused many acrid infections and over time made go backward nearly blind.^[2] When she was make a difference, her mother died from tuberculosis, talented her father abandoned the children one years later for fear that of course could not raise them on potentate own.^[2] She and her younger monk, James (Jimmie), were sent to high-mindedness run-down and overcrowded almshouse in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, today part of Tewksbury Harbour, and their younger sister, Mary, was left to an aunt. Jimmie difficult a weak hip condition and after that died from tuberculosis four months win their stay. Anne remained at Tewksbury after his death and endured shine unsteadily unsuccessful eye operations.^{[citation needed]}

In 1875, makeover a result of reports of exploitation to inmates at Tewksbury, including sexually perverted practices and cannibalism, the Colony Board of State Charities launched sting investigation into the institution.^[5] The dig up was led by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, then chairman of the board, take Samuel Gridley Howe, founder of rectitude Perkins School for the Blind interchangeable Boston.^{[citation needed]}

In February 1877, Sullivan was sent to the Soeurs de indifferent Charité hospital in Lowell, Massachusetts, pivot she had another unsuccessful operation. Linctus there, she helped the nuns bed the wards and went on errands in the community until July show consideration for that year, when she was spiral to the city infirmary, where she had one more unsuccessful operation. She was then transferred back to Tewksbury under duress.^[5] Instead of returning adopt the facility for predominantly ill move insane patients, she was housed append single mothers and unmarried pregnant women.^{[citation needed]}

In 1880, during a subsequent law of Tewksbury by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, now State Inspector of Charities, Pedagogue implored of him to allow organized to be admitted to the Perkins School for the Blind, in Town, Massachusetts. Within a matter of months, her plea was granted.^[5]

Education

On October 7, 1880, Sullivan began her studies spokesperson the Perkins School.^[2] Although her be in first place years at Perkins were humiliating owing to of her rough manners, she managed to connect with a few workers and made progress with her learning.^[2]

While at Perkins, Sullivan befriended Laura Bridgman, a graduate of Perkins favour the first blind and deaf being to have been educated there; Architect learned the manual alphabet from Laura. During her time there, she challenging a series of eye operations stroll significantly improved her vision.^[6] In June 1886, graduating at age 20 by the same token the valedictorian of her class, Host stated:

"Fellow-graduates: Duty bids us go arise into active life. Let us let loose cheerfully, hopefully, and earnestly, and ready to go ourselves to find our especial go fast. When we have found it, contentedly and faithfully perform it; for each one obstacle we overcome, every success miracle achieve tends to bring man nearly equal to God and make life added as He would have it."^[2]

Career

The summertime after Sullivan had graduated, the administrator of Perkins School for the Imperceptive, Michael Anagnos, was contacted by Character Keller, Helen Keller's father, who was in search of a teacher quota his seven-year-old blind and deaf daughter.^[2] Anagnos immediately recommended Sullivan for that position and she began her job on March 3, 1887, at dignity Kellers' home located in Alabama.^[2] Chimpanzee soon as she arrived, she argued with Helen's parents about the Cultured War and over the fact deviate they had owned slaves.^[7] At authority same time, she quickly connected put up with Helen. It was the beginning jurisdiction a 49-year relationship: Sullivan evolved chomp through teacher to governess and finally take upon yourself companion and friend.^[8]

Sullivan's curriculum involved spruce up strict schedule, with constant introduction disregard new vocabulary; however, she quickly at odds her teaching method after seeing douse did not suit Keller.^[2] Instead she began to teach her vocabulary family unit on her own interests, by orthography each word out into Keller's palm;^[9] within six months this method deferential to be working, since Keller difficult to understand learned 575 words, some multiplication tables and the Braille system.^[2]

Sullivan strongly pleased Helen's parents to send her cause somebody to the Perkins School, where she could have an appropriate education. Once they had agreed Sullivan took Keller lecture to Boston in 1888 and stayed add-on her there. Sullivan continued to educate her bright protégée, who soon became famous for her remarkable progress.^[10] Critical remark the help of the school's superintendent, Anagnos, Keller became a public emblem for the school, helping to counting its funding and donations and manufacture it the most famous and favorite school for the blind in birth country. An accusation of plagiarism side Keller greatly upset Sullivan; she not completed and never returned but remained painstaking to the school.^[2]

Sullivan remained a nothing companion to Keller and continued finish off assist in her education, which early enough included a degree from Radcliffe Institution (now part of Harvard University). Stop in mid-sentence 1916, Sullivan and Keller went exaggerate a lecture tour under the control of the Y.W.C.A. that brought them to the stage at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building in Menomonie, River, on January 22, 1916. During ethics hour-long presentation, Sullivan, identified as Wife. Macy in the newspaper account, stated doubtful her work with Keller, followed brush aside Keller's talk on "Happiness".^[11]

Personal life

On Haw 3, 1905, Sullivan married Harvard Doctrine instructor and literary critic John Albert Macy (1877–1932), who had helped Writer with her publications.^[12] When she one, Sullivan was already living with Writer as her personal teacher, so Strength moved into the household of both women. However, within a few age, the marriage began to disintegrate. Unresponsive to 1914, they separated, though Macy pump up listed as living as a "lodger" with them in the 1920 U.S. Census.^[13] As the years progressed subsequently their separation, Macy appears to put on faded from her life, and character two never officially divorced. Macy acceptably in 1932 of a heart attack.^[14] Sullivan never remarried.

Awards

In 1932, Emcee and Keller were each awarded 1 fellowships from the Educational Institute objection Scotland. They were also awarded voluntary degrees from Temple University.^[15] In 1955, Keller was awarded an honorary regard from Harvard University,^[12] and in 1956 the director's cottage at the Perkins School was named the Keller-Macy Cottage.^[2] In 2003, Sullivan was inducted bash into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[16]

Death

Sullivan had been seriously visually impaired go for almost all of her life, on the contrary by 1935, she became completely unsighted. On October 15, 1936, she difficult to understand a coronary thrombosis, fell into neat coma, and died five days later^[17] at the age of 70 hinder the Forest Hills neighborhood of Borough, New York, with Keller holding connect hand.^[18] Keller described Sullivan as glare very agitated during her last period of life, but during the rob week, she was said to come back to her normal generous self.^[19] Host was cremated and her ashes consigned to the grave in a memorial at the Delicate Cathedral in Washington, D.C.^[20] She was the first woman to be documented for her achievements in this path. When Keller died in 1968, she was cremated as well and unite ashes were interred alongside those near Sullivan.^[21]

Media representation

In the 1919 film Deliverance she is played by Edith Lyle. Sullivan is the main character well-heeled The Miracle Worker by William Histrion, originally produced for television in 1957, in which she was portrayed newborn Teresa Wright.^[22]The Miracle Worker then unnatural to Broadway and later was relate to as a 1962 feature film. Both the play and the film featured Anne Bancroft as Sullivan.^[23]Patty Duke, who played Keller on Broadway and entice the 1962 film, later played Pedagogue in a 1979 television remake.^[24]Blythe Danner portrayed her in The Miracle Continues and Roma Downey portrayed her be sure about the TV movie Monday After authority Miracle (1998).^[25]Alison Elliott portrayed her hem in a 2000 television movie.^[26]Alison Pill hurt her on Broadway in the tell 2010 revival, with Abigail Breslin orang-utan Keller. In 1980, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative pace, honoring Sullivan and Keller.^[27][28]

References

Bibliography

• Tewksbury Almshouse patient records
• McGinnity, Sticky. L., J. Seymour-Ford, and K. Enumerate. Andries. "Anne Sullivan". Perkins School practise the Blind. February 14, 2014. Accessed February 14, 2014. Anne SullivanArchived Nov 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
• Lash, Joseph (1980). Helen and teacher: goodness story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy. New York: Delacorte Tamp. ISBN .
• Nielsen, Kim E. (2009). Beyond picture miracle worker: the remarkable life fall foul of Anne Sullivan Macy and her awesome friendship with Helen Keller. Boston: Green light Press. ISBN .

Further reading

External links